【建筑】APS强攻：留德是一条挑战毅力的路（5.13更新）

colinvc

今天早晨出门随手刷了一下aps网页，显示通过了。刚看到审核结果有感动有兴奋，选择留德这条路的同学自己才知道这过程需要承受多少压力。
这段时间毕业的事情被耽搁了不少，先条重要的说，以后一点点更新帖子把资料整理出来，希望能对大家有些帮助。

先为aps正名，确实它的存在给我们很大压力，但从我们几个的经验来看他们并没有提过分的问题，也都比较正常，我的审核官员是土爷（主）和老爷爷，土爷问得节奏很快，但是大家一定听清楚问题再答，没听清就问，这个很重要。

除了准备知识，想想自己交过的特殊材料有哪些，比如辅修/双专业/双学位证明，交换交流证明等等，涉及验证提交材料真实性的问题。

复习重点：（这里只是根据经验的重点，实际情况审核官有决定性作用）
复习重点放在专业准备上，发现现在越来越轻自我介绍和签证问题了，我和我的3个同学都是这样，我审核的时候是直接进入课程

笔试：
快题，内容常规，我的感觉是不需要多好，毕竟只有20分钟，有的人可能有40分钟，起码大致勾一下总平和一层，总平记得标出入口（比如你有地下停车但是来不及画，但是把车库出入口在总图标出来）和层数，一层房间名称。
建筑物理（热学重点）
建筑构造，墙体（包括女儿墙）屋面（注意保温构造）等

面谈：
建筑物理，结合构造考察，战友问到比较多的是热血和保温构造，这科注意结合实例或者现象。
毕业设计，问的详细程度不一，我的是简单介绍一下然后提问
成绩单没来得及更新的课程（如果问这个问题其实审核官就把选择课程的权利交给你自己了）
如果你的学校课程名字叫“建筑设计1/2/3/4……”之类的，提前回忆一下都做了啥


准备审核这段时间，情绪一直比较低沉，感谢家人一如既往的鼓励我给我支持，特别感谢女友，在这段阴沉的时间里一直陪伴，感谢毕业设计和毕业论文老师老师的谅解，也感谢身边一起战斗的朋友！还有要感谢几个学姐把他们的复习资料给我参考复习，感谢你们！

毕业设计和毕业论文在赶，过了这阵继续更新，先把自己觉得重要或者容易忽视的问题跟大家分享。既然有留德的愿望，说不定坚持一步就走出重围，愿大家一路顺利！
设计有关生活，还有关梦想。

5.11
更一下前辈经验贴的连接，在这里也十分感谢大家！
（连接如未授权有不妥请请联系删除）
http://www.abcdv.net/forum.php?m ... &extra=page%3D1
http://www.abcdv.net/forum.php?m ... 9841&highlight=建筑
http://www.abcdvbbs.net/forum.ph ... st%3D1%26digest%3D1
http://www.abcdv.net/forum.php?m ... 5840&highlight=建筑
http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_50fa255801016mdc.html?vt=4
http://www.abcdv.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=497932
http://www.abcdv.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=485840
http://www.abcdv.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=486454
http://www.abcdvbbs.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=467722
http://www.abcdv.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=506676

5.13
今天更一下签证问题和专业课整理的复习， 自己的手写资料还没有拍照，下次一并更。
最近毕设好忙，lz读了双学位马上要有两个ddl，作品集都没有准备，答辩之后真的来得及吗？想到这lz心痛1w下。
并继续更新。。这里还是要感谢很多人的智慧！抱拳！


【走神儿大神的aps强攻（自我介绍与签证）】
“有梦想就要去坚持，也许途中会有些坎坷，但是坚持下来都会有回报的，不要放弃！”
自我介绍
自我介绍言简意赅就好（因为很多时候说到一半人家会打断你开始问问题），说说我的名字，我的年龄，我的家乡，我的专
业，为什么想去德国。英审的同学可以自我介绍用德语，回答问题用英语。楼主这次三审一进门先和主审副审聊了好一会儿
的天。。。。。。之后我说我用德语自我介绍用英语回答问题，副审说it‘s a good idea。但是以防万一可以准备一份英语的
一份德语的。若是问到了为什么去德国最好要有充足的理由，我这次回答完一个，他问还有呢，我说完了他又问还有呢。。。
反正大家就准备好在他们面前大肆表达对德意志的喜爱吧~~~
签证问题
大致有你有没有亲戚朋友在那里，你会在德国打工么，你一个月准备多少钱，资金哪里来，你以后会留在德国么，结婚了么。
这些问题一定要回答无误，很坚定。
另一部分是表面你对德国有很深的的了解你是真的想去德国留学并且你能适应德国的生活以及学习的，
大致有你打算去什么学校什么城市，你打算学习多久，你用什么语言上课，你读硕士学位还是什么，你打算住哪里，你对德
国有什么印象，有没有去过德国，为什么选择德国而不是美国英国。。。
这些问题都可以结合自己的见解，让审核官认为你真的深层次地了解过并且思考过这类问题。
一般性问题  General  Issues
1、你可以简短的自我介绍一下吗？  Could you take a few minutes to one brief introduction of yourself?
2、你的名字有特殊含义吗？ Is there any special meaning of your name?
3、你的父母是从事什么职业的？ What are the occupations of your parents?
4、你的父母住在哪里？
5、你跟父母一起住吗?   
Where are your parents living now?
Do you live with your parents?
6、你的家乡有什么特产?   Is there any Special Product in your hometown?
7、你业余时间喜欢做什么？  What are your interests in the spare time (off-hour)?
8、你学德语学多长时间了？   How long have you leant the German?
9、你的家乡在哪个省？    Which province is your hometown?
10、你有兄弟姐妹吗？   Do you have siblings? (brothers or sisters？)  
11、你对德国有什么印象？ What is your impression of Germany?
12、你觉得你能适应在德国的生活吗？ Do you think you could adapt to the life in Germany?
13、你有旧交、朋友、亲戚在德国可以帮助你解决问题吗？  Do you have any friend or relative in Germany could help you solve
the problems?
12、你对德国有什么了解?(政治、经济、文化、地理)   
Political\Economic\Cultural\Geography?
What is your understanding to Germany
13、你了解过德国的信息？从哪里了解？   How are you aware of the Germany information?
14、你觉得你能适应德国的文化吗？   Do you think you could adapt to the German culture?
in fields of
关于教育背景问题   Educational Background
1、你受过哪些教育？  What are your education in detail?
2、你什么时候在哪里上的这些学校？ When and where do you take these education?
3、你上大学上了多长时间？How long have you studied in your college\university now?
4、你已经毕业了吗？ Have you graduated now?   
1
5、你是什么专业？ What is your profession?   
6、你为什么想中断在中国的学业？ Why do you wanna interrupt your studying course in China?
7、你给我讲述下你在中国职业经历？Can you explain your occupation experience in China?
8、你参加过实习吗？   Have you taken part in any internships\practice?
9、你对什么最感兴趣?科目   Which subject are you interested in firstly?
10、你认为你学的这些学业对你将来有帮助吗？   Do you think there is any help to your future by the profession subjects
now?
11、能简短介绍下你所学的专业吗？Could you make a brief introduction to your professional?
12、你所学专业的重点是什么？   What is the main point in your professional?
13、你在这个专业学到什么？   What do you learn from your professional?
14、你在中国已经有工作了，为什么还去德国？   You already have one occupation in China ,why do you wanna go to
Germany?
15、你的毕业论文题目是什么？
What is the topic of your graduated thesis?  
16、你给我介绍下你的毕业论文、设计？ Could you make a introduction  
17、你的毕业设计的框架是什么？ What is the framework in your graduated design?
18、你为什么选择这个题目作为你的毕业设计？ Why you chose this issue as your graduated design?
19、你想在中国的学习结束后，还是想中断中国的学业立即去德国？
20、Do you wanna go to Germany after you finish your studying in China, or interrupt your studies in China and go to Germany
immediately ?
德国学业问题 German Academic Problems
1、你为什么想去德国学习?  Why you wanna go to German for studying?
2、你想去德国哪个地方？为什么？  Where do you wanna go in German and Why?
3、你在德国的学业谁来资助？ Who will fund your studies in German? (Financial Issues)
4、你学业在德国完成后，想继续留在德国吗？   When you finish your education in German, do you wanna still live in
Germany?
5、如果你必须打工来维持学业，你怎样保证毕业？  
will graduate successfully？
6、你认为你在德国能找到工作么？（上学期间）   
Germany?
If you have to wage to maintain your studies, how could you ensure your
Do you think you will find the works during the period of your studying in
7、你怎么看待你自己和德国学生的关系的？   What do you think about the relationship between the German students and
yourself?
8、你对德国的高校了解过么？Have you ever understood the Germany’s colleges and universities?
9、你对你未来想就读的学校有哪些了解？   Do you have any idea to the university where you will go to study in future?
10、你在德国的学业有哪些方向？   What is the direction of your professional in German?
11、你在德国有什么期望？    What do you expect in German?
12、你还会别的外语么？   Could you speak other foreign language?
13、哪个德国城市最合你胃口？   Which is your favorite city in Germany?
14、为什么你在德国要选择英语授课？  Why would you like to choose the courses by English language in German?  
15、你想从冬季还是夏季开始读？   Which terms do you wanna begin to study, the winter courses or the summer courses?
16、你为什么不想去别的国家继续学习？   Why don’t you think about other country for your studying?
17、你知道在德国读书的话1年要花多少钱吗？   How much do you know will be pay for your studying courses in one years?
私人问题
2
1、你结婚了吗？ Have you married?  Are you single or married?
2、你打算在德国每个月花费多少钱？   How much money do you expect to pay for your normal fee for every month?
1. Zunächst möchten wir Sie bitten:  Stellen Sie sich uns doch kurz vor.
2.Sagen Sie uns, was Sie in Deutschland studieren möchten?
3.Wissen Sie schon, an welcher Universität Sie studieren wollen?
4.Wissen Sie schon, an welcher Universität Sie studieren wollen?
5. Wer finanziert Ihnen das Studium?
6. Do you have siblings? (brothers or sisters？)
7. What is your impression of Germany?
Haben Sie Geschwester?  
8. Do you think you could adapt to the life in Germany?
9. Do you have any friend or relative in Germany could help you solve the problems?
10. How are you aware of the Germany information?
11. Do you think you could adapt to the German culture?
12. Which subject are you interested in firstly?
13. Could you make a brief introduction to your professional?
14. Why you want go to German for studying?
15. Where do you want go in German and Why?
16. Which is your favorite city in Germany?
17. How much do you know will be pay for your studying courses in one years?
18. How much money do you expect to pay for your normal fee for every month?
19. Was sind Ihre Eltern von Beruf?
20. Was sind Ihre Eltern von Beruf?
21. Wie lange werden Sie in Deutschland studieren? Wie viel Jahre?
22. Haben Sie schon einen Plan fuer Ihr Studium in Deutschland?
23. Was haben Sie vor, wenn Ihr Studium fertig ist?
24. Was haben Sie vor, wenn Ihr Studium fertig ist?
25. 我对你的材料很感兴趣，你的成绩也不错，你能说说建筑的意义吗？  
26. 第一道题是画一个中国传统建筑的总平面，你能给我解释一下吗？
Redemittel
1. Our classes didn’t involve this topic.
2. My professor just gave an introduction about this topic. She/ he didn’t talk about the details of the concept.   
3. My professor just gave an introduction about this topic. She/ he didn’t talk about the details of the concept.   
4. Entschuldigen Sie, können sie bitte die Frage wiederholen?  
5. Könnten sie etwas lauter ( langsam ) sprechen?  
6. Könnten sie bitte die Frage anderes formulieren?  
7. sehr angenehm, Sie kennenzulernen  
8. Danke, aber Sie übertreiben. Danke, aber Sie übertreiben.  
9. in this course we learned some theories, for example …,and some standards/criterions, which are important during the xxx
design. We also researched and discussed about some cases, for example…..
10. I think I can show you a project of mine to explain it better, and it won’t waste too much time. Shall we?
11. I’m sorry, the course just gave us a brief introduction to these ….., and for further applications, which are not so common
in the design, we still have to look for some professional information.

【走神儿大神的aps强攻（专业审核）】
“有梦想就要去坚持，也许途中会有些坎坷，但是坚持下来都会有回报的，不要放弃！”
笔试 25min
快题A3,尽量标上可以标的尺寸，尽量设计完整不求多好，简单就好。标题。平面。剖面。
根据三次的经验，面试的时候审核官一般只会扫一下你写的答案，甚至你写什么都不是太关键（比如半温锻造有一个小题我
的答案是： Entschuldigung, das haben wir bei der Vorlesung nicht gelernt.）。那什么是关键？你有没有写！！！空白留在最
后，表示你没时间做了，绝对不能留在前面！！在前面表示你不会！！谨记，哪怕是真的不会，空白绝对不可取。诚恳地写
点东西也好。
热阻，厚度，材料系数
室内设计  移动学校  小区规划  改造  火车站设计
图书馆：藏书一万；还有几个分区好像都是150平米的要求；平面和剖面一比两百
面谈

关于专业的知识，只要你有平时认真学习看书的那些储备粮，其实，整个过程好似一个向不懂得建筑的朋友解释建筑的各种
知识的过程。记得之前从德国留学回来的专业课老师跟我讲，APS审核并不是一个仪式性的活动，它是一个思辨的过程，整
个过程不应该是对审核官一味地惧怕和不停的说JA或者YES的过程，而应该是一个互动的过程，要对自己的专业知识有坚实的
信心。
△复习的过程中一定要重视绘图，很多东西，其实你可能无需讲的那么明白，但是你可以画明白，审核官也非常欢迎你画图
来表示。
毕业设计
基础素养课
Art I, Art II（作品集）
在这门课里我们主要学习了一些素描的基础，画了一些石膏像，甚至是一些创意画，主要是以一些基础的绘画能力训练为
主。
In this class we learned some basic technique of sketch, we drew some plaster statues, and some creative pictures. This class aimed
to train our basic ability of sketch.
这门课是延续设计美术Ⅰ的一门课程，主要学习的是水彩静物写生，学习怎样用色彩去表达，仍然是一些基础的色彩绘画能
力训练。
After the training of art 1, we learned sth about the color paintings, we use watercolor，gouache to express, this is also a basic
composition training.
Drawing: is to describe the position of an object on a given plane, it can train us to master the object brightness level and the
basic image.  
Watercolor: It is transparency, color overlap, the following colors can through, it is not easy to change colors for years. The
first half watercolor class hours in the studio is to study still-life painting, the teacher teached us basic knowledge and skills.
Gouache: opaque watercolor paint. It can be used for thick, large area and the color doesn’t appear uneven. Gouache
lesson is mainly to learn still-life painting in the studio.
Architecture Art I, Architecture Art II（作品集）
As the name suggests, it is a quick sketch of drawing methods, belongs to a kind of drawing. Sketch is not only the basic of
plastic arts, but also an independent art form. Sketch can train our observation ability, drawing broad capabilities,   collect a
amount of creative materials, improve our image of memory and dictation capability. This course lasted only a week, the teacher
teached basic painting skills for us and demand shape and proportion of accurate, in order to strengthen our ability of
hand-painted.
在这门课里我们主要学习的是利用钢笔画一幅建筑画，内容上从简单的一些静物、植物等渐渐的改变成了建筑。内容上从简
单的临摹、静物等转变到了写生。
This this the art course we hv after we become a architectural student, at the beginning we still review the water color painting, and
the rest time we all use to draw the sketch with pen, we always go to the west lake or some street with ancient architectures to
draw the sketch.
这门课是我们学习的最后一门绘画类的课程，主要以钢笔淡彩为主，一般都是去西湖或者小河直街写生。
This is the last course of art, we still draw some sketch with pen, but this time we have to use water color also.
Art Practice (A)*
美术实习期间我们去了厦门，主要画的是鼓浪屿，中山路的民国租界区等一些西洋式的建筑以及集美大学村内的一些建筑。
在这个为期十天的美术实习期间我们看了很多的建筑，画了很多的建筑，主要是以钢笔线稿、钢笔淡彩以及水彩画为主。
This is the short semester we did after the 4th semester, we went to xiamen， and stay there for 10 days. We draw on gulangyu
island, zhongshan road, jimei village and also some gardens. We mainly draw the sketch with pen and also water color paper.
The school organized all architectural students come to Changbai Mountain landscape area for art practice (Practice watercolor),it
lasted 8 days in total. During this period, the teacher lead us to a fixed location to drawing such as: drift river, village houses,
country lanes and forest trees. The teacher gave us main points about the compositions and methods. The teacher and students
come together and the teacher gave evaluations for each student's paintings in order to improve our painting skills. After this art
practice I learned a lot and got a lot of exercise and had a greater interest in watercolor painting and a new understanding.
Architectural Visualization*
在这门课之中我们主要学习的是A3图幅的钢笔建筑画（黑白和彩色）。首先我们上了一些理论课程，临摹了一张黑白的钢
笔线条画，一张水彩+彩铅画，然后再完成一张是按照一张图片来画一张带钢笔线条画，另在完成之后复印一张为其上上颜
色。
In this course we firstly learn how to draw a good picture of architecture, we saw a lot of pics, and the teacher will told us what is
the point, then we will see some works before. We hv to finish 4 pics, two of the with color, and two without. Two of them are
facsimile，and the others shd be finished by ourselves from a photo.  
Descriptive Geometry
在这门课上我们主要学习了建筑字体的练习，形体/建筑三视图的绘制，基本体块的投影知识，点线面的投影，线面关系，
曲线曲面，以及建筑形体的表达，以及一些投影轴测的画法。
The projection of point, line, plane on different surface. The relationship between lines, planes, line and planes in the interspace.
（parallel，vertical, intersect）also, we learned about axonometric projection. We also ran a lot of time with architectural font.
Perspective Geometry & Projection
投影的绘制，三视图的绘制，建筑图的生成与画法，点线面的投影，轴测图，透视图的绘制，以及在各类图中阴影的绘制，
其中还会涉及到一些建筑绘图的基本概念。这门课其实是在画法几何的基础上对每一种画法又有了一些深入的了解，更加注
重建筑形体的把握，专业性更强一些。（画法演示）
We learn to draw the three view of some basic cubes or some simple building, plan, elevation, and sections. Also we need to know
how to draw plans, sections, elevations, perspective and axonometry, and we also need to know how to transform between these
drafts.
Architectural drawings are drawn according to a set of conventions, which include particular views, sheet sizes,
units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross reference. Conventionally, drawings were made in ink on
papers and any copies required had to be laboriously made by hand.  
This course is divided into two parts: the construction of painting shadows and perspective, the main task is mapping.
Learning this course aims to develop the ability to map and interpret blueprints, so that we can read and understand design
drawings when we study or work in the future.
Architectural Rendering
渲染这门课是我们在学期开始之前的暑假里面的短学期学习，持续时间为两周。在这段时间内我们学习怎样用毛笔墨汁在水
彩纸上进行层次的渲染。我们在这个期间完成了一张立方体渲染，一张黑白效果渲染。并且学习了开始使用水性针管笔进行
手绘出图的表达以及裱纸等建筑基本专业技巧的学习。
This is our short semester, which is special in our uni, it always at the end of a semester or the beginning. During this time we shd
use the chinese ink and attenuate it then use it to draw the picture, the darkness is depends on how many times u did on it, it’s a
work need patience and careful.
Introduction of Technology & Creative Design
Introduction of design, all kinds of design such as architecture, production design, urban design…
Case of Technology & Creative Design*
在这门课上老师主要讲给我们一些精典的或者是比较新兴有特色的设计案例，但是这个案例并不局限在于建筑设计。最后我
们通过小组报告的方式。
In this course, students are allowed to choose a case and present it from a personal angle.The case is not in architecture or
product beschrankt. We studied a case of a changeable facade, which can temperature and sonlight automatically control.
Computer Aided Architectural Design I, Computer Aided Architectural Design II
在这门课中我们学习了cad的基本绘制方法，这门课里涉及到的其实是一些最最基本的东西，是一种引入性的学习，更多的
其实是我们在平时做设计的时候不断的练习时而学习到的。
In this course we shd learn to use some basic software to aided our architectural design, such as autocad, ps, sketchup…
简单的ps操作以及一些3dmax的渲染设置，需要我们运用3dmax做最基本的渲染图，这门课里涉及到的其实是一些最最基
本的东西，是一种引入性的学习，更多的其实是我们在平时做设计的时候不断的练习时而学习到的。
This time we learn how to render a pic.
CAD-Computer Aided Design is a computer graphics software, mainly used to draw architecture plans, elevations, sections
and nodes Detailing. It can create a straight line, circle, ellipse, polygon, spline curve and other basic graphics in many ways,
drawing speed is fast, the size is precise, and it is convenient to modify and preserve.  


It is a software to make animation and render, in architecture design it mainly used to set up indoor and outdoor model, as well as
architectural animation. 3D max can be used to create the space and help us to observe body mass and the shape of scrutiny from
different perspectives. And we can choose colors and materials of construction, compare and choose the best design.
（建筑摄影 Architectural Photography）
在这门课里我们主要学习的是一些关于相机的基本知识，在什么时间应该怎样调节光圈、快门，怎样通过调节这些数据来达
到一些摄影上的特殊效果等。
This class is just like one of my professional courses. We have to learn how to use a digital camera, and learn how to make a good
photo, how to Adjust the aperture, shutter speed, how to adjust the composition etc.
这一门摄影课是我们专业的一门必修课，我们主要学习的是怎样去拍好一张建筑摄影，应该选择在什么样的时间段内去拍摄
建筑，应该选用什么样的镜头拍摄什么样的建筑，在阳光什么角度下拍摄最佳，以及拍摄时应该怎样做到动静结合，颜色搭
配等等，以及一些后期的ps设计。这门课不同于普通的摄影课，更注重的是摄影的技巧，怎样调节光圈的大小，快门的速
度等。虽然这些技巧性的知识我们都会学到，但是景框的选择更为重要。在这门课中我们还学习到了黑白胶片的拍摄以及冲
洗，自己的照片能够自己洗出来成为成品很有成就感。
In this course we mainly learn how to composition a photo, how to take a good picture of buildings, when shd we take photo. We
hv to take many photo every week and pick 3 of them as the homework to hand on, and the teacher will give some commen. We
also hv a chance to take photo on the roof of high-rise building in our school at dusk. And we also learn how to use the old black
and white film camera to take photos and how to develop it.
技术类
Engineering Materials
The fundamental theories of the materials structure, properties are illustrated systemically. Subsequently, the course focuses on
acknowledges and applications of the traditional engineering materials of metals, ceramics, and polymers.
All materials used in construction is known as building materials.  
    The earliest materials used for construction are stone, wood and earth, and later developed into lime, brick, tile and so on.
Then we have reinforced concrete, and a variety of new wall materials, such as: aerated concrete block (which is a light, porous,
thermal insulation, fire protective new building material and it can nail, saw and has anti-seismic capacity. It was proved that: 20cm
thick aerated concrete wall insulation effect is equivalent to 49cm thick clay brick wall, so it can greatly reduce the wall thickness
and expand the efficient use of space, and reduce building self-gravity at the same time. The internal structure of aerated concrete
evenly distribute a large number of closed pores, so it is a sound-absorbing material, such as KTV rooms and hotels), small
concrete hollow block,  new wall panel.  
Basic properties of construction materials: physical properties (density), mechanical properties (strength and plasticity),
durability, thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity), decorative properties (color, luster, texture, shape, size).
1) Natural Stone: ancient architecture--granite, marble.  
    2) Burning earth products: ordinary clay brick, tile, ceramic block.  
3) Glass: it is a transparent, high strength and hardness, airtight material. Common glass are: ordinary plate glass (5-6mm is
mainly used for external walls and windows, doors and other small area of light transmission modeling; 7-9mm is mainly used for
indoor screen and other large area), figured glass, hollow glass ( is mainly used for place which has insulation requirements).  
4) Gas rigid cementitious materials: Such as lime, gypsum and sodium silicate, are generally used in a dry environment, but
should not be used in humid environment, and also may not be used in the water.  
5) Water rigid cementitious materials: it can not only hardened in the air but also in the water to maintain and develop its
strength, this type of material is called cement. The mortar or concrete made with cement are widely used in civil construction,
water conservancy, national defense and other projects. They are very strong and durable.
    6) concrete and mortar:  
    7) Steel: steel is characterized by high strength, light weight, rigidity, so it is particular suitable for the construction of
large-span and high-rise building, for example: heavy industrial plant, large gymnasium, hangar, high-and ultra-high-rise
construction.  
    8) Wood: Ancient China - Beijing Forbidden City / roof trusses, stringers, beams, columns and other structural materials and
interior decoration materials.  
    9) macro-molecular material: rubber, plastic, coating, adhesive. Reduce building self gravity, improve performance and
working efficiency, reduce construction and installation costs, good decoration and artistic effect. Such as PVC (doors and windows
and energy-saving materials).   
    10) Architectural Coating: color appearance, protect the main body, to improve the durability of the main building materials.  
    Other new buildings, new structures, new technology and new materials are constantly emerging, we should pay attention to
use of the various kinds of materials rationally in the construction, and also develop a variety of lightweight, high-performance
new materials.
Architecture Construction I, Architecture Construction II*
1. 这门课主要介绍了建筑物的基本构成以及其具体的施工方法和基本的图面表达知识。主要介绍的内容有
in this class we mainly learn about some important component members of building and their construction. We also hv to know
how to express them in a construction draw. Such as foundation, slabs, floor, canopy, stairs, slope, elevator, escalator, door,
window and roof construction.
地基和基础，foundations are the most important part of a building, and it can be divided to many species. When the soil is not so
good, we hv to use pile foundation, as for the high-rise building, we shd buried the foundation underground at least 1/15 height
of the building, and we can also separate that by materials, rigid foundation including quicklime mixed clay -, brick -, concrete -,
rubble -, 三合土lime sand and stone mixed -. Flexible foundation including single -, strip -, two-way strip -, raft -, box -.
墙体, the function of walls shd be bearing loads, separated space, and enclosure a space围合空间. Walls shd hv following
functions, enough bearing strength and stability, heat and sound insolation, fire-prevention, damp- and water-proof, and some
industrial requirement. Wall can be divided by load bearing wall, partition wall, and masonry wall.
楼板层、地坪和雨棚
楼板层由面层、结合层、附加层、顶棚层组成，要有足够的强度，隔声，保温，防水等要求。
The slab course shd included surface course, combined course, structural course, additional course and false ceiling course. And
shd meet the demands of enough strength, heat and sound insolation, water proof…Slab can be divided into wooden slab,
reinforced slab and steel panel slab.
地坪由面层、结构层、垫层组成floor is made up of surface course, structure course and leveling or filling course.  
As for balcony, we shd consider about drainage, safety, endurance and also beauty.
Canopy, structure can be extension the slab or cable-stayed.
楼梯stair、坡道slope，电梯elevator（lift shaft, lift motor room, lift pit, lift car），自动扶梯escalator
门窗构造window/door construction
heat and sound insolation, water-, wind- and fire-proof, flexible, stable and easy to clean.
We shd know all kinds of door and the basic dimension of them. For example, side-hung door, sliding door, swing door, folding
door, roller shutter door, revolving door… security door, air-tight door.
Fixed win, sliding win, top-hung win, centered-pivoted win, hopper win, skylight, louver win.
屋顶构造roof construction
main point is heat insolation, the material of leveling course are cement mortar, fein concrete or asphalt mortar.
隔气层moisture barrier.
保温层：松散材料（膨胀珍珠岩，膨胀蛭石），板块材料（加气混凝土，沥青膨胀块，硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料），现场整浇（蛭
石，聚氨酯泡沫塑料）；
loose materials(vermiculite, pearlite), block materials( gas concrete, asphalt expanded block, rigid polyurethane foam plastics )，
cast-in-place
2.
1、Building construction design principles  
1) Basic: load-bearing structure, it bears the full load passed down by the upper structure of the building, and pass down to
the foundation together with the weight of its own. Embedded depth: the basis of the lowest water table below the underside
200mm.  
    2) Wall:
It is not only the load-bearing component, but also the exterior
protected component, layout: horizontal
load-bearing walls, vertical load-bearing walls, vertical and horizontal load-bearing walls.  
    3)  Floor and ground floor: Floor is horizontal load-bearing structure, ground floor is the role of noise protection, load
transmission, moistureproof.  
    4) Doors and windows: It is exterior protected construction; doors open orientation(towards to the evacuation direction).   
    5) Stairs: Vertical transport.  
6) Roof: Exterior protected construction: resist wind, rain, snow, and the invasion of solar radiation heat.  
2、High-rise building construction, architectural decoration construction:
1) structure: masonry structure, reinforced concrete structure, steel structure, mixed structure with reinforced concrete.  
2) high-rise building external wall construction: light-weight/thin-wall and
top grade decorative materials, glass curtain wall.  
3) The renovation construction: inorganic decoration materials (aluminum, marble, glass); organic decoration materials (wood,
organic Polymer materials). Divided into: walls, floors, ceiling.  
8. Bearing wall non-bearing wall,  
9. The condition of force/construction,   
11. Entity wall/hollow wall/ combined single material, such as brick/concrete/reinforced concrete/ , hollow board/hollow brick ,
aerated concrete, is responsible for…..(bearing/heat preservation/heatproof )
12. A way to express      
13. Fireproof/moisture proof/noise proof
14. permeate 渗透     
15. Decoration layer/reinforced fiber layer
16. Brick 240mm*115mm*53mm multiplied by
17. Wall corner      
18. wood frame floor light, capability of hp, comfortable , durability, rot, easy to kindle, /reinforced concrete floor high
strength ,fireproof performance, can be easily produced in factory, forms multiplex, most widely used /profiled steel sheet frame
floor, can increase the span, reduce the amount of beam, light, speed up the process of construction
19. The types of roofs are, generally speaking, divided into two, these being flat and pitched...         
20. Unorganized drainage, organized drainage rain gutter the gutter took away the rain-water from the roof, / parapet easily
construction, economical, appearance laconic concise      
21. Heat insulating material friable material---glass wool/ integral m, combines the cement with the friable m/ clintheriform m,
aerated concrete board, plastic foam board   
22. Dubai tower 800m/Taipei 101 tower 508m/Shanghai World Financial Center 492m
23. 100以下 high-rise 100以上 super high-rise
24. reinforced concrete structure---fireproof durability good，the source of m is rich/
Steel structure widely used in the western country, -----light, small section, easy to install, Short construction period, earthquake
resistance good, low environmental pollution----lots of steel, bigger stiffness , relatively expansive, not so fireproof  
Sometimes combined, to exert their different advantages, steel , vertical load bearing/ r concrete , horizontal wind force,
earthquake, saving of steel  
25. Frame system----all made up of single frame component, bad resistance to earthquake, not too strong, low stiffness,10-12
floor, span4-9m, / shear wall , longitudinal and traverse r concrete bear the load, high stiffness,35 floor ,110 m, the form of the
plan is limited, equally/ tube system , a tube made up of frame or shear wall, use floor to connect them with the outerwall. Much
bigger stiffness, high-rise widely used/combined—shear wall supported by frame, frame-shear wall system,core tube—frame,tube
in tube,good for super high-rise   
26.  Concrete ---cement water aggregate
27.  Stiffness of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation
28.  glass curtain wall-----transparent, beautiful, beauty of technique, the façade changes with the light.-----light pollution,
huge consume , but can be solved with the development of new technology and material, gradually
29.All materials used in construction is known as building materials.  
30.The earliest materials used for construction are stone, wood and earth, and later developed into lime, brick, tile and so on.
Then we have reinforced concrete, and a variety of new wall materials, such as: aerated concrete block (which is a light, porous,
thermal insulation, fire protective new building material and it can nail, saw and has anti-seismic capacity. It was proved that: 20cm
thick aerated concrete wall insulation effect is equivalent to 49cm thick clay brick wall, so it can greatly reduce the wall thickness
and expand the efficient use of space, and reduce building self-gravity at the same time. The internal structure of aerated concrete
evenly distribute a large number of closed pores, so it is a sound-absorbing material, such as KTV rooms and hotels), small
concrete hollow block,  new wall panel.  
31.Basic properties of construction materials: physical properties (density), mechanical properties (strength and plasticity),
durability, thermal properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity), decorative properties (color, luster, texture, shape, size).
32.Natural Stone: ancient architecture--granite, marble.  
33. Burning earth products: ordinary clay brick, tile, ceramic block.  
34. Glass: it is a transparent, high strength and hardness, airtight material. Common glass are: ordinary plate glass (5-6mm is
mainly used for external walls and windows, doors and other small area of light transmission modeling; 7-9mm is mainly used for
indoor screen and other large area), figured glass, hollow glass ( is mainly used for place which has insulation requirements).  
35.Gas rigid cementitious materials: Such as lime, gypsum and sodium silicate, are generally used in a dry environment, but
should not be used in humid environment, and also may not be used in the water.  
36. Water rigid cementitious materials: it can not only hardened in the air but also in the water to maintain and develop its
strength, this type of material is called cement. The mortar or concrete made with cement are widely used in civil construction,
water conservancy, national defense and other projects. They are very strong and durable.
37. concrete and mortar:  
38. Steel: steel is characterized by high strength, light weight, rigidity, so it is particular suitable for the construction of
large-span and high-rise building, for example: heavy industrial plant, large gymnasium, hangar, high-and ultra-high-rise
construction.  
39.Wood: Ancient China - Beijing Forbidden City / roof trusses, stringers, beams, columns and other structural materials and
interior decoration materials.  
40. macro-molecular material: rubber, plastic, coating, adhesive. Reduce building self gravity, improve performance and
working efficiency, reduce construction and installation costs, good decoration and artistic effect. Such as PVC (doors and windows
and energy-saving materials).   
41. Architectural Coating: color appearance, protect the main body, to improve the durability of the main building materials.  
42. Other new buildings, new structures, new technology and new materials are constantly emerging, we should pay attention
to use of the various kinds of materials rationally in the construction, and also develop a variety of lightweight, high-performance
new materials.
3、large-span building construction:  
4、industrialized construction:  
Block construction, large panel building, large formwork construction or panel construction. It’s characterized by large and
flexible division of space.  
    During architectural design, it is not only resolve the division of space and composition, appearance and other issues, but also
must consider the feasibility of building construction. So we should consider a comprehensive structure selection, material
selection, construction methods, components as well as technical and economic, artistic and other issues in building construction
design. design a more robust, economy, beautiful, applicable building.  
Architectural Mechanics and Building Structure I, Architectural Mechanics and Building Structure II. Architectural Mechanics and
Building Structure III*, Architectural Mechanics and Building Structure IV*
（我复习了三种梁（悬臂梁，外伸梁，简支梁），梁柱内部的箍筋方式，弯矩图，剪力图。）
Building mechanics is mainly about strength (the ability to resist destruction ), rigidity (the ability to resist deformation),
stability (the ability to maintain the original balance) of building structures under various conditions.  
一、静力学基本知识：
1、二力平衡公理、力的平行四边形法则
2、约束与受力图：柔体、光滑接触面约束、圆柱铰链约束、固定铰链支座、可动铰链支座、单链杆支座、固定端支座  
3、物体的受力分析和受力图、结构的计算略图
4、力矩与力偶
5、平面汇交力系的合成与平衡方程：对象—受力图—投影轴—建立平衡方程并求解
  6、计算：外伸梁、悬壁梁、简支梁、多跨静定梁、三铰拱的支座反力
1、Basic knowledge of statics:  
1）2 force balance of justice, equality of power law quadrilateral.  
    2）Constraints and force diagram: soft body, smooth contact surface constraints, cylindrical hinge constraints, fixed-hinge
supports, movable hinge supports, single-chain rod bearings, fixed-side bearings.  
    3）force analysis and force diagram and calculation sketch map of the structural.  
    4）torque and couple of forces  
    5）synthesis of planar converging system of forces and balance equations: Object - force diagram - projection axis - establish
equilibrium equations and solve.
    6）calculated as follows: outrigger beams, cantilever beams, simply supported beams, multi-span statically determinate beam,
three-hinged arch of the reaction force.
二、静定结构的内力计算：
  1、平面体系的几何组成分析：约束/刚片：在平面内几何形状不变的物体/ 链杆、单铰
  2、梁的内力计算与内力图
     静定梁的形成：单跨静定梁（简支梁、对伸梁、悬壁梁）、多跨静定梁
     梁的内力图（据剪力图和弯矩图作内力图）：剪力图、弯矩图
  3、静定平面刚架的内力计算与内力图：
  4、三铰拱的内图：
三、杆件的强度与压杆稳定：
  1、应力与应变的概念：
2、材料在拉伸和压缩时的力学性能：
低碳钢（弹性、屈服、强化、局部变形阶段）：强度指标、塑性指标。
3、材料强度的确定及轴向受力构件的强度条件：
  4、截面的几何性质：重心与形心、静力矩与惯性矩
四、静定结构的变形计算与刚度校核（略）
五、超静定结构内力计算（略）
2、the internal forces of statically determinate structure, calculated as follows:  
    1）flat system of geometric composition analysis: Constraints/rigid plate: in-plane geometry of the object remains
unchanged/chains, single hinge.  
    2）beam internal force calculation and internal force diagram.  
      Statically determinate beam formation: single-span statically determinate beam (simply supported beam, the extension
beams, cantilever beam), multi-span statically determinate beam  
      Beam internal force diagram(according to the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for internal force
diagram):shear force diagrams, bending moment diagrams.  
    3）the internal forces of statically determinate plane frame calculation and internal force diagram:  
    4）three-hinged arch:  
3、rod piece strength and strut stability:  
    1）the stress and strain concepts:  
    2）materials in tension and compression mechanical properties:  
Low-carbon steel(elastic,yield,strengthen,local deformation stage): strength index, plasticity index.  
    3）material strength and axial force components to determine the strength of conditions:  
    4） cross-sectional geometric properties: center of gravity and centroid, static moment and moment of inertia  
4、statically determinate structure, deformation and stiffness Check (omitted)  
5、internal forces of statically indeterminate structure calculations (omitted)
1）shear wall location:  
Principle: must follow the uniform, symmetrical, peripheral, scattered. Because in the case of earthquake, it needs shear walls
to resist seismic shear.  
Location: near the end of the building, alteration of flat shape, location with large constant-load, as well as stair and elevator
locations. In general, the shear wall is distributed in the lift and plane corners of a house.  
shear wall structure(12-30 storey residence, hotel), frame-shearwall structure (office building, shopping mall and other public
place)
2）component size to determine: the height is the beam span of 1/12~1/18 or so.
3、简单的静定结构：包括静定梁，静定平面刚架，三铰拱，静定桁架，静定组合结构。
3）simple statically determinate structure: it consists of statically determinate beam, statically determinate plane frame,
three-hinged arch, statically determinate truss, statically determinate combined structure.
1.在这个学期我们主要学习了一些建筑力学的基本概念，杆件本身在承受荷载的作用下，自身产生形变以抵抗结构受到的破
坏。我们主要研究的对象是构建的强度，刚度，稳定性和材料的力学性质。在这个过程之中我们需要记住一些基本的力学性
质以及受力特点，并需要对一些简单的力学模型进行计算。
In this semester, we mainly learn about some basically concept of mechanics. When the member carrying load, it will have a
deformation, if that member isn’t strong enough, it will be broken. We have a exam at the end of the class and we have
homework twice each week. We shd remember some basic properties of the mechanics and hv some simple calculation of basic
models.
应力stress应变strain,应力应变曲线来表示材料的变形能力，简单的超静定问题的计算。
The stress-strain curve, which can tell us the deformation capacity of materials, and simple statically determinate problem.
剪切扭转shear deformation and torsion.
了解梁内力，应力，变形,梁的荷载，支座反力以及基本的支座模型，并进行简单的截面内力计算，绘制剪力图和弯矩图。
We shd know the basic concept of the internal force of beams, stress, deformation, load, the end reaction and also some basic
model of beams, such as simple support beam, overhanging beam, cantilever beam. We also hv to do some basic computation of
the internal force of section and draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.
2.在主要这门课上我们我们开始进一步学习一些基本的杆件结构类型，例如，刚架，桁架，拱等。
In that semester we mainly learned some basic type of structure, such as truss structure, arch, rigid frame structure, then we need
to compute the support force, axis force, shear force and also the bending moment, then draw a diagram. We also learn to
analyse the rigid frame structure and simplify it.
常用的静定结构包括以下5种形式：梁，刚架，三铰拱/三角钢架，桁架组合结构。
In generally, we always use the following 5 types structure, beam, rigid frame, three-hinged arch, truss structure and the
composite structure.
梁包括简支梁，悬臂梁，伸臂梁，多跨静定梁。由于弯曲变形，引起正应力在界面上分布不均匀，使得材料的强度得不到充
分的利用，所以大跨情况不适合用梁
the beam including simple support beam, overhanging beam, cantilever beam, multi-span statically determinate beam. Because
of the bending, so the stress on the section of the beam can not be uniformly distributed, so the strength of the material can not
be fully used. Beam is not fit for a long-span structure.
刚架，即为若干梁刚接而成，能形成多跨，多层使用空间。
Rigid frame, means many beams are rigid connected, this structure has a better property of long-span structure than beams.
三铰拱/三铰刚架，由于有水平推力的作用，所以可以减小截面弯矩，主要承受压力。可选用抗拉强度较低的石头、混凝土
等来做。
Three-hinged arch has the horizontal pushing force, so that the bending moment of the section can be smaller. This property can
help this structure to bear more compression. And the materials with lower strength of extension can also fit in this structure.
桁架，只产生轴力，截面正应力分布均匀，充分利用材料强度，适用于大跨空间。
Truss structure is a good choice of long-span space. Each rod of the truss has only axis force, so the stress of the section can be
uniformly distributed, and the strength of materials can be fully used.
组合结构，充分利用材料强度。
With the Composite structure, we can fully use the material strength, make it fit for different space.
3. 在这门课上我们主要学习的是一些建筑基本的结构选型basic structure form selection，例如，混凝土结构concrete
structure，砌体结构masonry structure，钢结构steel structure，大跨结构long-span structure以及一些抗震结构anti-seismic
structure的基本知识(basic knowledge of…)。
In this class we mainly learned…
Concrete structure including plain concrete (without steel, so the strength of extension is bad, mainly used in basis cushion course),
reinforced concrete, and prestressed concrete，feature：fire resistance, fit for long-span beam and slab structure.
Masonry structure constitute by brick, stone, or building blocks, then use mortar to connect it. (clay, lime and stone), hv good fire-
proof and endurance quality. It’s good at heat insolation and energy conservation. And also a easy way to build. But it is heavy,
has a lower strength, worse anti-seismic quality.
Steel structure has a higher quality in extension strength, compressive strength, and shear strength, and the weigh is light, which
can also lower the building price. But it’s easier to get rust, and bad at fire resistance.
Composite structure is made up of steel structure and concrete structure.
It can also divided by the type of structure, mixed structure (reinforced concrete beam and slabs with masonry structure as internal
walls.), bent structure (component with roof columns and basis, between roof and columns is pin joint, but the columns is fixed to
the basis.), frame structure (reinforced beams and slabs as the bearing structure), shear wall structure (has more side and vertical
rigidity than frame structure, better ability of resist horizontal trust), frame shear wall structure, tube structure(shear wall core and
thick columns around)
High-rise building, low-rise building, and multi- story building.
基本尺寸：楼板厚不小于100，双向板不小于1/40L（短向），单向板>=1/30L短，外挑板>=1/12L（挑）， 板式楼梯板厚
1/30L（楼梯水平跨）+10mm
basic dimension: the slab thickness shd more than 100, the two-way slab thickness shd more than 1/40 short side distance,
one-way slab thickness shd more than 1/30 short side distance, and overhanging slab thickness shd more than 1/12 the
overhanging distance, the slab of plate type stairs shd more than 1/30+10mm
抗震建筑设计：规则性，选择合理的结构，提高结构的延展性
anti-seismic design, regular design, choose the rational structure, and improve the extension capacity of materials.
4. 高层建筑设计之中所需要注意的一些基本概念，
some basic concept of high-rise building, in generally, more than10 floors or more than 28meter height building are high-rise
building, and more than 100 meters building is super high-rise building.
We shd pay attention to the rigidity of structure, the proportion of height and width, the layout point, and the structure type. We
shd know some basic knowledge point such as anti-seismic joint, settlement joint (from the top to besement, )and extension joint
(shd be filled in 2 month after the building finished).  
The concept of basis where to find a site place (stable, with high soil quality), which kind of soil shd be selected (cracks, rocks, fein
stones… )  
Typical basis: isolated foundation, strip foundation, raft foundation, box foundation, and some typical beams such as gird/gird,
lintel，outrigger…
System Science and Engineering*
The basic theory, methods and applications of system science and engineering are studied in the course. The systems analysis and
system design, system simulation model, system evaluation, system engineering decision-making and system reliability analysis are
focused studied.
Building Equipments*
在建筑设备这门课上我们主要学习的是建筑室内外的给排水，消防给水，热水的供应，建筑的通风供暖，空气的调节，燃气
的供应以及建筑的防排烟设计，还包括一些基本的供电照明系统，弱电系统以及电梯系统等等的基本信息。
This course introduces the mechanical and electrical systems and equipment for buildings. Major topics include water supply and
waste, gas supply, refrigeration fundamentals, HVAC systems, electrical systems, vertical transportation, smoke and fire protection
systems, as well as the most recent development in equipment, systems, and other building related technologies. The newest
regulations, standards, and codes will be followed.
nfluence factors (standard of living, living habits, climatic conditions, water costs, water quality)  
3) water purification process (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection)
4) The distribution arrangement of water distribution network (branch-type pipe network, ring-type pipe networ
Construction equipment is installed in buildings for people to living and working and provide convenient, comfortable, security
and other conditions. This discipline mainly includes three parts:  
1、drainage works  
1) water supply and drainage works (outdoor water supply projects, indoor water supply and drainage projects, outdoor
drainage projects)
2) domestic water standard k)  
5) water supply (direct water supply, water supply tanks, locate water tanks and pumps, area of water supply, pressure water
supply, frequency modulation pumps )  
6) The high-rise building water supply (the height of high-rise buildings is very different from top to bottom, in order to
avoid the lower water pressure too high and flow speed too fast, result in noisy and splash; and the upper water pressure   
produce negative pressure even produce suction phenomenon, high-rise buildings often supply water by regional along the
vertical direction in order to reduce the water pressure for each region)  
7) Outdoor Fire water (urban and residential fire-fighting water is usually from a direct supply of urban water supply network.
For the nearest natural water and there is still a reliable guarantee of the dry season can also serve as fire water, we should use fire
water storage tank when the town water supply pipe-line does not meet the needs of the fire water)  
8) Building Fire Water Supply System (the fire hydrant system, automatic sprinkler water supply system, spray fire-fighting
system)  
9) snorkel pipe’s role: maintain normal drainage riser atmospheric pressure; exclude tube’s stink
10) The role of rainwater hopper(blocking sundries; transport water flows)  
11) The layout of rainwater hopper requirementsa) we should take into account storm intensity, drainage area and drainage
capacity, as well as pipeline connections; if the joints or firewall department has a rainwater hopper, we should set up one at each
side of joints. (b)rainwater hoppers of each construction should not less than two, in case of one doesn’t  work, the roof would
be flooding.
2、heating ventilation and air conditioning  
1) hot water heating systems (natural cycle of hot water heating systems, mechanical circulating hot water heating systems,
high-rise building hot water heating systems, hot water heating and household metering systems)  
2) The air curtain (it can emit a certain speed curtain-form airflow by a special air distribution device, so as to close the door,
hall, opening, counter to reduce and cut off intrusion air from outside)  
3) low-limit thermal resistance
4) The working process of steam boilers  
5) Building Ventilation (divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, in order to maintain indoor air environment
in line with health standards)  
6) Natural ventilation and combination of architectural design (for example: (1)When we decide general layout orientation of
workshop , it should be arranged toward north, to avoid large areas of windows and walls affected by west sunlight. (2)The best
angle between windward of workshop and the main summer prevailing wind direction is 60 ~ 90 degrees, should not less than 45
degrees. Annexe should not be arranged in a windward  of building. Because it can affect natural ventilation.)  
7) Air-conditioning(is the use of technical means to a particular environmental control of air space within a certain state, to
meet human comfort requirements or production process)
8) Air-conditioned rooms layout (air-conditioned rooms can not be arranged near the large quantities of pollutions or high
temperature and humidity rooms; Air-conditioned rooms should be arranged concentrated; Air-conditioned rooms should
minimize the outside window area and take to shade measures)  
9) Measures to reduce air conditioning noise (reduced noise source, install
oscillator between basic and seismic focus, such
as spring-shock absorber, cork)
3、Electrical Engineering  
1) Electrical system components (power generation, substations, transmission, distribution, electricity)  
2) The electricity load grade (it is divided into three grades according to
influence and economic losses when interrupt power supply)  
3) the form of distribution system(radiation type, tree type, mixed type)  
the importance of electricity load and the political
4) Outdoor Lighting (plaza and road lighting, airplane barrier lighting, landscape lighting, architectural facade lighting)  
5) The installation of lamps(hanging wire, hanging chain, ceiling, wall mounted and embedded)  
6) Building Lightning Protection (simply means that the building with the lightning rod and metal of its own, in order to avoid
building itself suffered a direct lightning strike damage)  
7) intelligent fire control system (fire detection system, emergency warning system, automatic sprinkler system)  
8) Intelligent buildings (intelligent buildings are buildings as a platform, both construction equipment, office automation and
communication network system, concentrate the structure, system, service, management and the most optimal combination, to
provide people with a safe, efficient, comfortable, convenient construction environment)  
In architecture planning, design, construction and usage, construction and construction equipment are working together and
indispensable. Only with understanding, coordination and eliminate contradictions can we do construction work well, so the
buildings can play functions properly.  
Physical Factors in Architecture I*， （Physical Factors in Architecture II*）
光和热，舒适度
In this class we learn the basic property of light, warm and wet.
And we use them as the teststandard to exam if a architecture space comfortable is.
Actually we can use them as designstandard as well.
In this class we learn the basic property of sound, the absorption materials and construction, the sound insolation construction or
members, how to control the noisy, and hoe to design the internal sounds environment.
在这门课上我们主要学的是建筑物理声学部分的知识。首先介绍了一下声音的基本性质和特性，而这些也是我们在高中就已
经有所了解的基本概念（振动发声，介质传声等等，周期，频率，波长，速度）,声音传播的基本性质（透射，反射，吸收，
绕射），基本的计算（声功率，声压级，声强&-级，响度，回声等），主要引入的一个新的概念是混响声，混响时间，这对
于室内声环境的设计，特别是剧场，体育场之类的对声环境要求比较高的大空间尤其重要，特别是音乐厅和剧院。通过这些
定量的计算我们需要对一个空间的声音进行评价，主观上有：丰满度，清晰度，响度，亲切感，空间感等；客观上：混响时
间，早起衰减，明晰度c80，声压级与强度指数，混响时间的频率特性等等。
In this class we mainly learn the sound part of physics, firstly, we learn some basic concept and properties, such as vibration,
medium, period, frequency, wavelength, loudness, echo…some spread properties like transmission, reflection, absorption,
diffraction…some basic compute like acoustical power, sound press level, sound intensity level, volume，echo. The new concept is
reverberation, and reverberation time, which is very important for theater, opera, museum hall, and gymnasium. Through these
computation, we shd evaluate about the internal sound environment. Subjective evaluation can be given from fullness, articulation,
volume, cordial feeling and sense of space.
Objective evaluation: reverberation time, early stage attenuation, definition, sound press level, frequency properties.
吸声材料主要运用在需要隔音的房间的外墙面上，以及一些噪声较大的设备管道中，如空调管道，排气管等等。Sound
absorption materials mainly used in the external wall or wall between two room, and also some noisy equipment pipes, such as
conditional pipe, vent pipe…主要的吸声材料有多孔吸声材料porous materials. [absorb high frequency sound(polyurethane foam
plastic, pearlite)，穿孔板吸声材料perforated plate materials,-low frequency (perforated gypsum, fc board)，薄板吸声材料 thin
plate sound absorption materials, -middle(gypsum, aluminum alloy plate)，薄膜吸声结构thin film sound absorption
materials,-middle(leather, plastic thin film)，以及多孔材料吊顶板perforated material false ceiling(pearlite plate),特殊结构
（change the shape, use the reflection and refraction to attenuate the voice）。影响因素，空气流阻，孔隙率，厚度，表观密
度，背后条件，面层，温度和湿度
the effected factory: the air flow resistance, porosity, thickness，performance density, the distance between materials and wall,
surface, temperature, humidity.
We also shd know the standard of noise, and hv to do some artificial strategy to avoid or at least reduce the bad influence to
people. First way is to hide the noise from the original, avoid putting the industrial and residential building together, use screen or
plants to reduce the voice, try best to make a better area planning to avoid the noise. Also we shd add some absorption materials
in the wall so that can also keep the internal area quiet. The weakness is doors and window, so we hv to improve their sound
insolation ability, such as use two storied gate, double window, and add sound insolation materials…etw.. As for some special
equipment, we shd make a basement for it and also acoustic shield.
建筑节能
Building energy efficiency is to use energy saving technology, equipment and material to improve thermal insulation
performance, air conditioning cooling and heating system's efficiency.
building energy consumption include: heating, air conditioning, hot water supply, cooking, lighting, household appliances,
elevators. It usually takes up 30% of total energy consumption in the country.  
1）体形系数：建筑物与室外大气接触的外表面积与其所包围的体积的比值。  
2）围 护 结 构 传 热 系 数(K)：围护结构两侧空气温差为1K，在单位时间内通过单位面积围护结构的传热量。W／(m2．K)。
3）采暖能耗(Q)：本标准中的采暖能耗主要指建筑物耗热量和采暖耗煤量。
4）耗热量指标(qn)：在采暖期室外平均温度条件下，为保持室内计算温度，单位建筑面积在单位时间内消耗
的、需由室内采暖设备供给的热量。W/m。
5）窗墙面积比（Cm）
1) Shape coefficient of building: the ratio of building exterior surface area contact with air to the surrounded volume.  
2) overall heat transfer coefficient (K):it means the heat transfer capacity through unit area of the envelope structure when the
air temperature difference on both sides of envelope structure is 1K. W / (m². K)  
3) energy consumed for heating (Q): it primarily refers to the building heating energy consumption of heat and heating coal
consumption by this standard.  
4) index of heat loss of building(qn): it means the quantity of heat which is supplied by the heating equipment. In this
condition it can  maintain the indoor temperature and supply the loss of heat quantity in unit time. W / m  
5) Area ratio of window to wall(Cm)
China is a large population, resource poor country,building energy consumption  takes up nearly half of total energy
consumption, it has become essential to reduce building energy consumption. Solution: First, reduce building exterior surface area,
strengthen the building envelope thermal insulation to reduce heat loss. Second is to strengthen the heating system design and
operation management to improve the boiler efficiency or strengthen the pipe insulation to improve the efficiency of the delivery
pipe.
Energy saving materials: The external walls of masonry using aerated concrete block, which has good thermal insulation
performance and energy saving effect. It can achieve good results when use external wall insulation such as:polystyrene board,
polyurethane, rock wool board.   
PVC window: processability is strong, energy saving is good. For example: a single steel, aluminum glass window of the heat
transfer coefficient is 64W/m²; single PVC window of the heat transfer coefficient is 47W/m².  
Germany's energy saving technology: As we know, Germany's building energy saving technology is a leader in the world, and
energy-saving materials are also very advanced, I would like to have an opportunity to learn about it.
Architectural Physics is mainly about the sound, light, heat and movement of physical phenomena. The task is to improve the
quality of architectural features and create a suitable living and working environment.   
1、building thermal engineering:  
1) Basic concepts:  
Heat transfer methods: conduction heat transfer, convection heat transfer, radiation heat transfer.  
2) the cyclical nature of flat-wall heat transfer:  
Thermal resistance: it is a total thermal resistance which is in order to restrict the low interior tempreture reflect the ability to
stop heat transfer.The larger the thermal resistance it is, the better thermal insulation is it. To calculate the minimum thermal
resistance doesn’t mean that the real thermal resistance of the structure must be equal to it, it is only the minimum standard.
Real thermal resistance can be larger than it, but it must not be smaller than it.
蓄热系数：半无限厚物体表面热流波动的振幅与温度波动振幅的比值。
热惰性指标：围护结构在谐波作用下抵抗温度波动的能力。
材料层表面蓄热系数：材料层表面的热流波动振幅与表面温度波动振幅的比值。
    coefficient of heat accumulation: semi-infinite surface heat flow and temperature fluctuations in the amplitude of fluctuations
in the ratio of amplitude.  
    Thermal inertia indicator: envelope under the action of the harmonic capacity of resistance to temperature fluctuations.  
    Coefficient of the surface heat storage material layer: a layer of material fluctuations in the surface heat flow amplitude and
the ratio of surface temperature fluctuation amplitude.  
3) heat preservation in building:  
(1) strive for the best and proper orientation and building spacing (full use of solar energy) (2) choose the right size and flat
form of architectural (shape factor S=F/V, the smaller it is the better insulation has it) (3) the envelope structure should have good
thermal performance (select insulation, energy saving materials such as aerated concrete block) (4) increase the building airtight,
prevent the adverse effects from cold air infiltration.  
4）外围护结构的蒸汽渗透及冷凝：  
饱和蒸汽压：在一定温度下，与液体或固体处于相平衡的蒸汽所具有的压力。
绝对湿度：单位体积空气中所含水蒸汽的质量。
相对湿度：一定温度一定大气压，湿空气的绝对湿度与同温同压下饱和蒸汽量的百分比。
露点温度：一定状态下的空气，在保持含湿量不变的条件下，温度下降到相对湿度达到
100%的温度。
防止冷凝措施：采用外保温、设置隔气层、设置通风间层、泄气通道。
4) The peripheral retaining structures, and condensing the steam penetration:  
    Saturated vapor pressure: In a certain temperature, with liquid or solid in equilibrium with the steam of the pressure.  
    Absolute humidity: unit volume of water vapor in air quality.  
    Relative Humidity: Be sure the temperature will certainly atmospheric, wet air temperature and absolute humidity with the
same amount of saturated steam with the percentage of depressed.  
    Dew-point temperature: a certain state of the air, while maintaining constant moisture content conditions, the temperature
dropped to the relative humidity reached 100% of the temperature.  
Measures to prevent condensation: use external insulation, traps gas, set the ventilation between the layers, discouraged
channel.
5) heat insulation in building  
    Roof: use light color roof to reduce heat absorption, increase the thermal resistance. External wall: through the wall
construction, such as using double-hole hollow block, light wall plate. Doors and windows should have shade measures. Rooms
should avoid west sunlight to reduce space heat gain. Buildings layout: natural ventilation of declining and staggered arrangement
of buildings are better than ranks arrangement; arrangement of different heights construction is also good for natural ventilation.
2、construction optics:  
1) Basic Knowledge:  China’s light climate is divided into five areas ; visible light wavelength is 380-780nm.  
光通量：光通量指人眼所能感觉到的辐射能量(Lm)。
发光强度Ia：光通量的空间分布密度（cd）。
照度E：被照面上的光能量密度，表示被照面被照射的程度(L。
亮度La：发光体在视线方向上单位面积发出的发光强度（cd/㎡）
定向反射材料：玻璃镜、光滑金属表面；定向透射材料：压花玻璃。
均匀扩散反射材料：石膏、MgO；均匀扩散透射材料：乳白玻璃、半透明塑料、膜结构；
Luminous flux: it refers to the radiation energy feeled by human eyes (Lm).  
  Luminous intensity: the spatial distribution of luminous flux density (cd).  
  Illuminance: the illuminated surface of the optical energy density, indicating the extent of being face to face by irradiation (L.  
  Brightness: luminous body in the line of sight direction issued by the luminous intensity per unit area (cd / ㎡)  
  Definite-reflective materials: glass, mirror, smooth metal surface; definite- transmitted Materials: embossed glass.  
  Homogeneous diffuse reflection materials: gypsum, MgO; evenly spread transmission materials: opal glass, translucent plastic,
membrane structure.
  Glare: Because of the brightness distribution is not even, or exist the extreme brightness in space or time, cause visual
discomfort and reduce the visibility of objects. Glare divided into direct: such as sunlight, strong light; indirect: reflector from
smooth surface(glass curtain wall and smooth paper).  
    measures to Reduce the reflection glare: operating surface of the matte surface, avoid the specular reflection region, use
low-intensity light sources.  
2) Natural light:  
    Daylight factor: it is a factor to measure the indoor lighting standards, it can be looked up from lighting codes.  
Daylight opening: low side windows (school, housing, public building), High side windows (Exhibition Building), skylights
(workshop).
光通量；光效（光源发出的总光通量与该光源所消耗的电功率的比值）；亮度；显色指数（光源对物体的显色能力）；
色差（是透镜成像的一个严重缺陷，发生在多色光为光源的情况下，单色光不产生色差）；频闪效应（荧光灯及其他气体放
电灯点燃后，由于交流电频率的影响使灯发射的光线产生相应的频率变化）。
    3) The artificial lighting:  
luminous flux; Luminous Efficacy (source issued a total luminous flux with the source of electrical power consumed by the
ratio); brightness; color temperature (light source of radiation in the visible region and an absolute black body exactly the same
radiation, the blackbody temperature at this time on the call this the light source color temperature); color difference (is the
imaging lens, a serious defect, occurring in a multi-colored light as the light source case, do not produce monochromatic color) ;
stroboscopic effect (after lit the fluorescent and other gas discharge lamps, because of the alternating current frequency of light
emitted light to generate a corresponding frequency change).  
    Common illumination:  
    incandescent(family, hotel), Halogen lamp(painting, photography and building lighting), LED light(traffic light, automobile tail
light, billboard), fluorescent lamp (classroom, office, hospital).  
The role of lighting: reasonable with light, prevent glare and improve light utilization, protect the source of their power
against mechanical damage, ensure the safety, decorate and beautify the environment.
    Lighting design (including natural light and artificial light): primary and secondary school classrooms: 1) to meet the lighting
standards. 2) The uniform illumination distribution. 3) the requirements of light and shadow, such as put the main light windows on
the left to avoid the shadow when writting. 4) To avoid glare. We usually use daylight color fluorescent lamp in the classroom, and
the blackboard should use local lighting, the illumination standard: desktop illumination > 300lx, blackboard vertical illumination >
500lx.
声功率W：单位时间内声源向周围发出的总能量称之为声功率。
声强I：单位时间内通过垂直于声波传播方向的单位面积能量表示，瓦/平方米。
声压P：sound pressure，大气压受到扰动后产生的变化。
声强级：声音的强度和基准声强之比值的常用对数值。
声压级：声音的声压和基准声强之比值的常用对数值。
响度级：人的主观响度感觉与该声音相同的100CHz纯音的声压级(phon)。
3、architectural acoustics:  
1) Basic Knowledge:  
Sound power: per unit time around the issue of the sound source to the total energy called sound power.  
Sound intensity: per unit time through the sound wave propagation direction perpendicular to the energy per unit area.  
Sound pressure: sound pressure, atmospheric pressure by the disturbance resulting from changes.  
Sound intensity level: the sound intensity and sound intensity of the ratio of the base pairs of values commonly used.  
Sound pressure level: Sound the sound pressure and sound intensity of the ratio of the base pairs of values commonly used.  
Loudness level: one's subjective feeling and the sound loudness 100CHz the same pure-tone sound pressure level (phon).  
Masking effect: Because of the existence of a single voice, in order to hear the other voices, these voices must be heard by
improve the threshold of audibility.  
2) The room acoustics:
Reverberation Time: Sound attenuation of 60dB experienced time is the reverberation time. It is related with the room sound
absorption, reflection and scattering. Reverberation time is used to measure hall sound quality and it is still the only auditorium
acoustic design parameters can be calculated in quantitatively. The reverberation time in different locations is almost similar, it
means that the sound field in auditorium is very even.  
3) The sound-absorbing materials:  
Porous sound-absorbing material: glass wool, rock wool.  
Film sound-absorbing material: Leather, plastic film.  
Thin sound-absorbing material: Plywood, stearin fiberboard, gypsum board.  
4) sound insulation for buildings: air sound isolation (component, single-layer homogeneous dense wall, double wall
homogeneous dense, light walls, doors and windows sound insulation, combination wall insulation), impact sound isolation (floor).  
5) Noise control: according to the national standards: the residential areas  noise during the day can not exceed 50dB, at
night should be less than 45dB; resort area, senior villa and hotel area, daytime 50dB, nighttime 40dB. Control measures: control of
noise source, block noise transmission, reduced noise in the human ear.  
6) The sound quality interior design:  
Subjective evaluation: the appropriate loudness, high clarity, good sense of space, no sound of defect and noise.  
Objective evaluation: sound pressure level, reverberation time, time and spatial distribution of reflected sound.  
Theater auditorium acoustic design:  
The plane shape of Auditorium will affect the distribution of the first reflected sound, thus affect the audience's auditory effect.
Curved wall of the theater looks beautiful, but the acoustic treatment has been more trouble, it’s easy to cause sound focus, it
makes sound field non-uniform. Although rectangular plane looks old-fashioned and monotonous, but the structure is simple,
both sides of the wall are close, the audience are easily to get a sound reflection, so it is an ideal auditorium form.  
In auditorium reflection design, the reflected sound effect by roof can be not  ignored, if the hall is too large, the side walls
are difficult to provide  previous reflection for the middle seats, ceiling can reflect sound effectively to the middle seats from top
to bottom. Different roofs result in different effects.  
5、recognizing:  
By learning architectural Physics, I understood the basic principles. We should
consider more when we make architectural
design and try to create a suitable thermal environment, light environment and sound environment and conserve materials and
energy.
Engineering Project Management*
建筑前期与策划*** (Architectural Prior Period and Planning)
Architectural Prior Period and Planning is implemented before carrying out a program, it is a stage ahead of architectural
design. Including: initial ideas, financial status, research, analysis, determine whether the project is feasible or not.  
Architectural Prior Period and Planning content: general layout (toward, transportation, the main entrance, greenbelt),
architectural design and the environment (environment and function, technology and plane), structure selection, equipment
selection, project cost estimate, construction period.  
According to the conditions of use functions and geographic differences, We should choose different sites, (such as museum
building: select a convenient transportation, perfect public facilities, the site should be dry and drain well; University Location:
suitable for human environment, ecological environment; sufficient land area; with profit infrastructure).  
（结构概念于体系structural concept and system foe architects and engineering ）
同力学三四
We laerned some structure of highrising building. At last we analysis one of Kreze’s works, which seperates the horizzential and
virtuall force of the building.
Architectural structure consists lots of components such as: base, wall, beam, plate, column, door, window, roof, floor and so
on. Early record of building construction books are: Romen Vitruvius: Ten Books on Architecture; Renaissance: Building four
theories.  
1、building structure design and basic principles:  
Building Structures Category: According to materials: reinforced concrete structure (multi-storey and high-rise residence,
hotel, office building, exhibition hall), steel structure (heavy industry factory, gymnasium, hangar), masonry structure (chimney,
tower), wood structure (ancient building).  
According to load-bearing: mixed structure(seven-and under seventh floors residence, hotel), frame structure(office building,
hotel, industrial plant), shear wall structure(12-30 storey residence, hotel), frame-shearwall structure (office building, shopping mall
and other public place), tube structure (high and ultra-high-rise building: hotel, bank)
The construction of large-span is more than 30m, structural form: arch, rigid frame, net frame, shell structure, suspension,
tension membrane structure, cantilever structure. Large-span building was first emerged in ancient Rome, such as the Roman
Pantheon, round flat, dome diameter of 43.3m, made by natural concrete, is a brilliant example of the Roman dome technology.
The world's largest steel span building is the Bird's Nest Stadium in Beijing. Other large-span building construction such as: shell
structure, Sydney Opera House; membrane structure, National Aquatics center in Beijing.
Basic principles: strong, technical, economic, aesthetic.  
    结构的极限状态（结构超过某一特定状态就不能满足设计规定的功能要求的状态）：承
载能力、正常使用极限状态。
Structural limit state (structure above a particular state will not be able to meet the design requirements of the functional
requirements of the state): limit state of Carrying capacity and the normal use.
2、the basic building blocks of reinforced concrete structure calculation:  
1）mechanical properties:  
Reinforced chemical composition: C, Mn, Si, Ti, V, P, S.  
Reinforced Category: hot rolling, heat treatment (with yield point), prestressed steel wire (with no yield point).  
    The mechanical properties of steel: stress-strain diagram (with yield point: ratio\yield\enhancement\necking stage)  
    Concrete strength: cube compressive strength (with side length of 150mm cube of the standard test block, at a temperature 20
± 3 ℃ and relative humidity of not less than 90% of the environment, oxidation of 28 days, using standard test method measured
the compressive strength).  
    Concrete shrinkage causes: concrete hardening in the air, the volume reduction is called shrinkage of concrete. Cement variety,
amount, aggregate in nature, conservation conditions, pouring, use the environment.  
    Cohesive force between the steel and concrete components: cemented force, friction force, bite force and mechanical
anchorage force.  
2）Bending - beam, board structure:  
    Section effective height (refers to the distance from the role point of tension reinforcement to concrete compression edge);
protective layer ≥ 25mm.
    Steel reinforcement in the beam is divided into: vertical force reinforcement, hoop reinforcement, support reinforcement, bent
steel reinforcement.  
    Steel reinforcement in the plate is divided into: force steel reinforcement, distribution steel reinforcement, structure steel
reinforcement.  
    Reinforcement diagram  
    The bearing capacity of Single reinforcement rectangular cross section flexural stucture of cross-section calculated as follows:
divided into two section: review the design and strength.  
Oblique cross section flexural structure(oblique cross-section damage occurred factors: shear-span ratio, reinforcement ratio
and hoop reinforcement strength, concrete strength, Longitudinal reinforcement ratio, the structure type) Carrying Capacity
Calculation.  
3）compression structure - columns, roof trusses, abdominal compression stroke:  
The bearing capacity of axial compressin structure cross-section calculated as follows: divided into two sections review the
design and strength.
    Eccentric compression (big/small eccentricity) is calculated: such as the multi-storey frame columns, the column of single
industrial plants.  
eccentric different: whether the reinforcement reached the yield strength when it is destoryed, the small eccentric
compression should be avoided.  
3、Steel reinforcement concrete beam slab structure:  
floors, bridges, retaining walls of pools  
1）floor design:  
Category: one-way plate type(the ratio of length and width is greater than 3), two-way plate type(the ratio of length and
width is smaller than 2).  
load transfer: plate - secondary beam - main beam - wall or column.  
The height of main beam is 1/12--1/18 of span.
2）stairs:  
Category: Plate Stairs (bench board horizontal projection is less than 3m) and beam stairs (greater than 3m).  
Plate stair made up of: stair flight plate, platform beam, platform plate.  
4、masonry structure:  
1）masonry materials and strength:  
Block material: brick, block (fly ash, hollow block), stone (heavy/light rock).  
Mortar: Cement mortar, mixing mortar (such as cement&lime mortar), non-cement mortar (lime mortar).  
Masonry structural strength index:compressive strength(refers to strength limit state when external forces is pressure), axial
tensile strength, bending tensile strength, shear strength (vertical axis refers to external forces and materials, and material was cut
when the cutting action of the strength limit).  
2）housing stiffness and static force calculation program:  
Stiffness: the vertical walls, transverse walls and floor constitute space structure, its deformation resistance.  
Composite structure building static force program: rigid program (cross-wall spacing is small, roof stiffness), flexibility
program (single factory that its cross-wall Spacing is larger, canteen, etc.), composite program (in between).  
3）anti-seismic design:  
（1) multi-storey and high-rise building should be consistent with building codes（2) the storey height of ordinary brick
house can not exceed 3.6m（3)setup structural column at staircase platform, junction of vertical and horizontal wall, wall corner and
ring beam (It is a whole and circle beam around the building to strengthen the construction stiffness).  
the reasons of wall Crack: temperature change, concrete expansion, uneven foundation settlement. Measures: expansion
joints, setup roof insulation layer.
5、steel structure:  
1）steel influencing factors and type:  
  力学性能：屈服强度（材料屈服的临界应力值）、伸长率（指金属材料受拉力作用断裂时，试棒伸长的长度与原来
长度的百分比）、冷弯性能（指金属材料在常温下能承受弯曲而不破裂性能）。
Mechanical properties: yield strength (material yield of the critical stress value), elongation (defined as the role of metallic
materials by tensile fracture, the test length of rod elongation percentage of the original length), cold bending performance (refer
to metallic materials at room temperature, can withstand bending without rupture of performance).  
    Category: general carbon steel (widely used as high strength, good toughness, plasticity), alloy steel.  
    Q235-B • F: yield point is 235N/㎡, quality grade is B-boiling steel.  
    Q235-A: yield point is 235N/㎡, quality grade is A-killed steel.  
2）the basic component connection structure:  
1）焊接：焊缝的截面形式（对接焊缝、角焊缝）
  2）螺栓连接：受剪螺栓、受拉螺栓和拉剪螺栓。AB精制螺栓，C级粗制螺栓。
受剪螺栓破坏形式：栓杆剪断、孔壁挤压破坏、钢板拉断、端部钢板剪断、受弯破坏。
   （1) Welding: Weld cross-section form (butt weld, fillet weld)  
   （2) Bolt Connection: shear bolt, bolt and pull tension shear bolt. AB refined bolt, C-level crude bolt.  
Shear bolt damage forms: bolt rod cut, hole wall extrusion damage, steel pull off, cut the end plate, Bolt rod bending
damage.
6、ground and foundation:  
The basic indicators of soil: density, relative density, water content.  
foundation classification: According to materials: brick foundation, concrete foundation, rubble foundation, concrete
foundations.  
    By construction: separate foundation, strip foundation.  
7、high-rise building structure:  
The vertical loads: structure weight, floor live loads, snow loads and construction loads.  
    The horizontal loads: wind loads, the level seismic action.
设计原理类
Principle of Residential Building Design*
在居住建筑设计原理这门课上我们主要学习的是怎样去设计一个适合于人类居住的建筑，主要基于以下几点，功能、环境、
发展、经济、街区适应性。。。居住建筑包括住宅、公共宿舍、专用宿舍、居住综合体、别墅等多种类型。而我们的设计也
是要从很多角度入手，如，方便性（交通，公共设施齐全，地区适当），建筑设施（停车位，自行车位，电梯），服务（通
信，媒体），社区（通信、物业）；舒适性（环境空间、行为空间、环境设备、环境卫生）；安全性，适应性（空间的可变
性，丰富性，情趣性，视觉艺术性），环境协调性，经济合理性。。。同时，我们再设计的时候还需要考虑到一些环境心理
学、生态建筑学等方面的知识综合考虑。其中一些硬性的知识如建筑套型设计，户型设计以及一些基本的室内尺度等都是需
要掌握的。具体的可以分为公寓设计，居住综合体设计，居住建筑造型设计，外部空间设计等等。在这个课程的最后我们以
一篇居住建筑门厅的调查和一次综合的考试来考量这门课。
In this class we learned how to design a residential building for people to live. Mainly about the function, environment,
development, economic, and the suitable of a block. The residential building including houses, public department, special -,
residential mixed building, villa… we shd consider about many things such as the convenient (transport, communal facilities,
suitable for the district…), the service building facilities (parking lot, bike perking lot, elevators), service (media and communication),
community (place for fitness and playing), comfortable (environment space, behavior space, environment equipment, and
sanitation), adaptation (space changeability, fertility, vision artistry), also we shd pay attention to the environment coordination and
economic, except the interior design, we shd also do the exterior space design. In this class we did a research about the hallway,
bike parking place and give a report.
Residential area planning is a part of urban planning, the content: location and extent of land, scale, building type, number of
storeys, layout, traffic roads (width, entrance, parking place), greenbelt. (作品集)   
Land consistant: residential land, public building land, road, public greenbelt.
residential land: According to the housing quality, land use standards, public service facilities, the residential land is diveded
into four grades.  
scale: Population = land area / per capita land use indicator. (18-28㎡/person).
2、Planning points:  
    Land-use planning layout: Residential types of options: number of layers into the depth, length, story, dwelling size ratio.  
    Architectural Planning layout: Flat Type: parallel-type, peripheral-type, mixed-type, free-type.  
    Towards: The houses in north cities should be designed toward South, the houses in south cities should avoid west sunlight.
Ventilation: the best wind angle 30-60°.  
    Sunshine space: (ventilation，fire protection) it is a distance to meet the sunlight standard between two buildings.
    Sunshine spacing coefficient: the ratio of sunshine spacing to the height of front building (such as Changchun is 1.97, Beijing is
1.67)  
    Sunshine Standards: the sunshine hours should be required in the given day.
Public Service Facilities Planning Layout:   
Class I Residential district: For residential service, commercial and cultural service center and hospital.  
    Class II district level: basic service as primary school, residential business service center.  
Class III organizing groups level: small shops, nurseries.  
Road layout: width, entrance and exit, parking place.  
    Residential road: the road line > 20-30m, driveway > 9m  
    District road: 10-14m ,6-9m  
    group road: 8-10m ,4-6m  
    trail: more than 2.6m      
Import and Export: motor vehicle import and export should not be less than two.  
   Parking: the rate of surface parking is no more than 10%, is preferable to set up underground parking lot (more than 50 set 2
entrances).  
技术经济指标：居住人口、户数、住宅建筑净密度（住宅建筑基底总面积与住宅用地的比率）、建筑密度（建筑物布置
的密集程度）、容积率（每公顷用地上容纳各类建筑的总面积）、人口净密度（指单位住宅用地上居住的人口数量）、人口
毛密度（指单位居住用地上居住的人口数量）。
   Technical and economic indicators: the residential population, households, residential construction net density (total area of
residential buildings and residential land base ratio), building density (the intensity of the building layout), Plot Ratio (per hectare
on the land The total area to accommodate various types of building), net residential density (residential units refer to the number
of people living on land), population density, gross residential density (residential units refer to the number of people living on
land).  
Principle of Urban Planning and Design*
This is the urban planning design training, we shd to do a residential and commercial area in 12,000sqm, this is the largest one we
did yet. We shd consider about the surroundings, because the site be given is a central part of a city, it’s near a famous
commercial street in Hangzhou. Also by this design training we did a research of the resident area.
Principles of Urban Planning
Urban planning is to preconsider the urban economic structure, spatial structure, social structure and development planning.  
    1) Urban and urban development: the development of the productive forces of labor led to the formation of large division of
the city.  
    2) The emergence and development of the planning disciplines:  
    Ancient Chinese City Planning Thought: the Spring and Autumn dynasty《Zhou • Kao Gong Ji》is the account of the earliest
works of urban planning ideas. Zhou Dynasty in ancient China, the formation of urban planning as early as the era of ideology.  
Ancient West City planning thought: hippo Dam mode (city flat is a square or rectangular, roads criss-cross, is located near
the intersection of Square, the theater and other public buildings).  
    3) The origin of modern urban planning theory:  
Utopia: It is an ideal social syetem. The residents can arrive in any city just one day, the scale is under control, street is wide,
ventilation is good, they can receive the production of things when necessary.  
Sun City: Property for public ownership. Urban spatial structure composed of seven concentric circles.  
Garden City: is a city designed for health, life and industry, its size can be sufficient to provide a rich social life, but should not
exceed the level, permanent agricultural areas should around the city, all the land owned by public.
Charter of Athens: it brings forward the city's four major functions: residence, work, recreation, traffic.  
4) The content of urban planning and preparation procedures:  
The main content of urban planning is to determine the planning for the structure and layout of cities; confirm the nature,
scale and overall layout; research and analyze urban energy.
    Stage: Master Plan(strategic level); detailed plan(control level): controlling detailed planning; construction and detailed
planning.  
Technical and economic indicators: road line, building line, construction density (the intensity of building layout), floor area ratio
(per hectare of land to accommodate the various types of construction on the total area), green land rate (the total area of all
kinds of green land area percentage of total bases).
    5) Urban Structure and Land Planning:  
    A、the concept of urban system structure: it is constitute from a number of elements, aimed to form an organic whole
according to the level and sequence.  
    B、urban land: it is the land which is used for urban construction and function to meet the operational needs.  
    Land use evaluation: first-class, second-class, third-class.
    The City land can be diveded into 10 parts: R、residential land C、public facility land M、industrial land W、Storage Space
T、external transport space S、Road and Plaza land U、municipal land for public facilities G、green land D、Special Land E、
waters, and other sites.
    Natural conditions and analysis: geological conditions (Landslide, mudslide, earthquake), hydrological and hydro-geological
conditions (water quality, quantity), climatic conditions (sun, wind, temperature, precipitation) and topographic conditions
(mountains, hills, plains).   
6) Urban transport and road system:  
    A、the traffic composition: according to spatial: Urban outbound traffic, city traffic. By the way of transport: track, road, water,
air, pipe, elevator belt.  
    B、the road system: basic forms: square checkerboard, ring radial.  
       Cross-section: (道路断面图)
       Airport Location: Located on both sides of annual prevailing wind direction, axis roughly parallel or tangent to the urban
areas.  
    7) The vertical urban land planning: Consider city flood control, urban rainwater, road gradient (0.3-8%), save land.  
It is helpful to enhance urban design, conceptual design, architectural design by mastering urban planning theory.   
Principles of City Design  
Urban design is a bridge between architecture design and urban planning. It is concerned about the layout of urban planning,
urban landscape, urban functions, and particularly concerned about urban public space.  
It covers the general urban space design; a regional space design; the city center and plaza space design; urban roads and
commercial street space design; urban residential space design; urban landscape space design; urban underground space design;
old city protection and updated space design.
1) When we design we should take into account the basic elements such as natural elements, cultural elements, humanistic
elements and social elements.  
For example: urban space axis, which is an important city structural organization, it can greatly enrich the urban space. Such
as Paris, the traditional axis, that is avenue of champs-elyses, on this axis distribute the Place de la Concorde, Triumphal arch.
Another example is the city of Berlin axis - Linden Street, it eastward from the Brandenburg Gate to Marx-Engels Palace Bridge.  
City Square space, it is a public space for people. It has the public character in modern city and it is the most artistic place.
Such as: Rome, St. Peter's Square, Beijing's Tiananmen Square.  
Special space: The specialty of space is expressed by Architectural space and humanities and social characteristics space. Such
as the Taj Mahal in India (memorial), Moscow's Red Square (different times of Architectural harmonization: Clock Tower and
St.Vasilii Cathedral)  
2) from biggest to smallest: Urban Planning - Urban Design - regional planning - architectural design.
3) The city's image theory (Kevin Lynch): Identify/Structure/Meaning.  
Principle of Public Building Design*
In this class we learned first the charactor of public buildings. And then we discuss how to judge a good public in few facts:space,
effect, influencepower etc. At last analysed i a public building.  
Public building design principles is a part of architectural design. The public buildings: hospitals, schools, shooping malls,
museums and other buildings, it’s  an indispensable place for people to do activitis and plays an important part in urban
construction.When we design public buildings we should pay attention to the following five issues:
1、overall layout of the environment: Construction groups and plaza roads, the surrounding environment of the space
combination. Such as the Piazza San Marco in Venice, Italy.  
2、functional and space combination: pay attention to functional partitions, crowd evacuation (stairs). We should strengthen
the design of space transportation when there are large crowds of people gathering, Such as Beijing West Railway Station and
other places.
3、plastic art: In connection with the use of architectural features, interior space, outdoor shape, national form, geographical
culture and other aspects to consider architectural modeling.Such as: Egypt Pyramids, German Gothic cathedral, Beijing Forbidden
City, the south garden.  
4、technical and economic: engineering technologies, such as structure, equipment, decoration and other great limitation on
the shape of architectural space should be given adequate attention. And the combination of construction techniques in the use of
physical space, in addition to meet the need of function and aesthetics, it also should be in line with economic and practical
principles.  
5、spatial combination: space-separated combination (office building, school building, hospital building); continuity space
combination (museums, galleries); concept of speech, space-based combination (gymnasium, theater); high-level, space-based
combination (Guest House , office buildings); integrated, space-combinations (clubs).
Gardening and Eviornment*
This course mainly introduces the eastern and western classic gardens, some examples of modern landscape design, and some
design methods and principles of modern landscape. And then we should analysis one site in our school and reconstrct it.
We can build a natural environment and recreation area by building architecture, mountains, stones, water, planting trees
and flowers and arranging roads.
1) The development of Landscape: classical gardens; Qin and Han dynastyies royal gardens; Wei and Jin dynasties, the rise of
the natural landscape; the development of Tang and Song dynasties; the Ming and Qing classical gardens glorious period).  
    2) The characteristics of Chinese gardens (natural style; there are gardens in the garden; there are so many buildings in the
garden; adept with the local conditions).  
    3) The landscape functions: mental function, physical function (absorb carben dioxide, reduce noise, prevent soil erosion),
aesthetic function (visual,auditory).  
    4) The constituent elements of urban green spaces:  
⑴ plants (tree, shrub, vine, flower).  
The impact of environment on plants: temperature, sunlight, water, soil, air, human activities.  
    Garden Plants configurations: rule-type (centeral plant, symmetrical plant, column plant), natural-type (solitary plant, group
plant).  
⑵ Landscape Architecture: It is built in the gardens and urban greenbelt for people or ornamental buildings, they are:
pavilion, Gallery, Court, veranda, house and hall. Landscape Architecture role: 1)it is landscape itself 2)provide point of view and
places for tours 3) provide open space for activities 4)provide a simple function 5)as a necessary supplement or contact transition
for buildings.  
⑶ Road role: organize transportation, guide tours, organize space, laying the foundation for the hydropower project.  
    Road Category: Main Road, minor Road, travel lane.  
Design features: traffic is subordinated to tour, emphasize keystone, layout according to local conditions, density appropriate,
tortuous roundabout.  
Garden Bridge role: organize transportation, guide tours, separate water, constitute landscape, ornament landscape.  
(4) Water: still water (pond, lake, sea) flow water (Stream) falling water ,spring, waterfall, fountain.  
The role of water: moist atmosphere, absorbing dust; boating; fish farming, cultivation of aquatic plants.  
    5) The garden landscape composition:  
    Landscpape: In the garden of natural or artificially created and based on the natural beauty, characterized by an environment
for people to enjoy a rest.  
Artificial Landscape: In the garden green space due to use of natural, mimic natural tissue to create for people to visit to view
the scenery.  
    Landscape Classification: Main landscape and secondary landscape, foreground, middleground and background landscape.  
    divided landscape: barrier landscape, landscape compartment.  
    rimmed landscape: use of door frames, window frames, tree boxes and cave.  
The basic law of Garden greenbelt composition:  proportion and scale, contrast and reconcile, symmetry and balance,
counterpoint and echo , analogy and conceive, rhythm, space organizations.  
    6) greenbelt design of city street and square:  
    ways to plant trees: tree belt, tree pool-style.  
    Square Category: distributed Square, traffic plaza.  
    7) Residential greenbelt Design:  
The composition of residential greenbelt: public greenbelt, public service subsidiary greenbelt, road greenbelt, greenbelt near
houses.  
Public greenbelt categories: 1) area of residential park is 10,000㎡, service radius is 800-1000m. 2) area of community
greenbelt is 4,000㎡, service radius is 400-500m. 3) area of group greenbelt is 400㎡, service radius is 80-120m.  
    Residential Greenbelt Style: Free style, natural style, theme style, scenario style, modern style.  
    There is a great help for architectural environmental design by learning this course. Master landscaping plan characteristics
will be able to create abundant, aesthetic building environment.
Site Planning I*
We learned the landscape, meteorology, geology, traffic, surrounding environment and neighborhood space in specific site, so as
to make feasible plan for building, road, parking, vertical design, infrastructure and green field in accordance with design codes. At
last we made a small school siteplan design.
Figure ground
Site design is to meet the requirements of a construction project, on the basis of the base conditions and relevant laws and
regulations, organize the relationship between various constituent elements.  
1、Overview:  
1) site design contents: condition analysis, general layout, vertical design, transportation, pipeline, greenbelt.  
2) site design principles: save land, correspond with urban planning, meet the requirements of transportation and health,
reasonable vertical arrangement, comprehensive and reasonable pipeline arrangement, plant trees, prevent pollution.  
2、site - conditions
1) Natural conditions: contour lines (elevation adjacent to the same point of connection), read topographic maps, determine
the direction of flow.  
2) Weather conditions: wind direction, wind frequency, prevailing wind direction, sunshine, temperature, precipitation.  
3) Engineering geological conditions: geological phenomena (underground: fault, cave; on the ground: landslide, debris flow),
earthquake.  
4) Hydrology and hydro-geological conditions: water quality, water quantity, flood.  
5) Construction conditions: base elevation, existing building, existing facilities, greenbelt with vegetation, protection of cultural
relics.  
6) Public constraints: land use control red line, traffic control, density control, attitude control, building capacity, green.
3、general layout:  
1) Basic requirements: rational use, technical security, construction economy, beautiful environment.  
2) Influence factors: land size, topography, climate, amount of level off.  
3) layout method: orientation: The houses in north cities should be designed toward South, the houses in south cities should
avoid west sunlight. Ventilation: the best wind angle is 30-60°, building distance (to meet the requirements of the sunlight and fire
interval), single building layout (arranged in the center or corner), group buildings layout (rank, parallel).  
4) Pipelines: water pipe, drainage pipe, heat pipe, gas pipe, electricity line, telephone line. Overhead pipeline: over the
sidewalk > 2M, driveway > 4.5M, above the railway > 6M.  
5) principles: meet the technical requirements, go straight to minimize the cross, mutual influence pipelines can not be
arranged together, underground pipelines trench out from buildings should be arranged shallow to deep.  
4、vertical design  
1) vertical arrangement forms: flat slope style, step style.  
2) site level off: Clear all aboveground and underground obstructions in site; exclude ground water; paving temporary roads.  
    3) The elevation to determine: when there are plans, should be determined according to the plan elevation; while there are
not plans, should consider flood control, drainage, transport, water table and ground conditions, engineering quantity.  
4) The undulate of terrain is small: site Design elevation is natural ground elevation of the average; the undulate of terrain is
large: take full advantage of terrain, increase the slope of the ground appropriately, adjust the elvation design repeatedly so that
design elvation is close to natural ground, so as to reduce the site level off works volume.
5) Slope processing: fill, excavation slope, retaining walls.  
6) Rainwater drainage forms: natural drainage, barrel-drain, underground pipe drainage.
5、road and parking lot：  
1) Road Category: main road, secondary road, branch road, sidewalk.  
2) road width (single car 4m/double 6-7m),vertical slope (0.2-8%), intersection design(turning radius > 6m, the minimum
stopping sight 15m ).  
3) pavement types: flexible pavement, rigid pavement.  
4) Location: Parking for public buildings, parking for residential area ( >10%, advocate underground parking, parking space
size: 25-30㎡)，parking size(2.8*6m).
5) Parking method: parallel parking, ramp style parking, perpendicular parking.  
6) Request: Import and export (first select a city branch road, the distance between each entrance > 20m), Gradient (the
maximum entrance ramp is 12-15%, the maximum gradient of parking lot is 1%), fireproofing road width >4m.  
The purpose of learning this course is to get more rational understanding about the relationship between architectural design
and site design. We understood a lot of hard and fast rules, make the design more rigorous and feasible.
(建筑法规 Building Codes)
这门课本身就是一个规范类的课程，交授了我们一些基本的再中国大陆内建筑设计的基本法规，那些事我们在实际设计之中
一些必须要遵守的基本的尺寸，数量等一系列的基本信息。我们需要了解一些基本的知识，如防火，消防，基本的建筑尺
度，高度，深度，基础设施设备的配备份额等等一系列的设计之中必须要考虑到的事情。
In this class we learned about the code of architecture design in China. Some regular dimensions of sitting standing or lying, we
also hv to
历史类
想一下中西传统建筑差异
History of Foreign Architecture（中国建筑史）
4大师的大致理论
这门课主要是以大课的形式上的，上课以老师讲授为主，在期间我们做过一些作业，内容都是上课讲到的一些知识点的拓
展，更多的时一些比较主观的题目，需要我们针对一种现象来表达自己的看法，最终的考核是以考试的形式来实现的。这门
课我们以一种概述的形式介绍了不同地域不同时期的建筑风格以及其代表作品和基本的特点。例如，
this is the course that we have a lecture from our professor. He taught us all kinds of building types of different period, and also
the representative buildings as example of that style. We also hv to do some homework after that class, general he will give us 1-2
question without an exacted answer, and we hv to express our point. At the end of that semester we will hv a written exam to
check our study quality.
埃及的三大金字塔the pyramid in Egypt（zoser pyramid, khufu pyramid, giza pyramid）
希腊时期的三种柱式the three kind of column in Greek period: doric, ionic, Corinthian order,雅典卫城acropolis,  
罗马时期的柱式的发展the column system hv a forward development, the first and basic one is toscan, then the normal 3 column
in greek period, also the composite order(1 tocan/doric,2 ionic, 3corinthian,4corinthian pillar)，and inrome period 广场
forum(Trajan, Caesar)，剧场theater，斗兽场colosseum(rome), 庙宇temple（pantheon）， 浴 场thermae（Caracalla）[construction
development.] all of them got a huge development.
拜占庭（Byzantine architecture）greek cross arch, representative building is sant Sophia cathedral,  
哥特教堂：cologne cathedral, mainz cathedral, Milan cathedral.
1、Ancient Architecture:  
    * Slave: Ancient Egypt's Pyramids (Giza，Khufu Pyramid)
             Central and New Kingdom Period (Temple of the Sun, archway door, large pillar)
             Mesopotamia and the Persian Architecture: glazed finishes technology, Sa Gen II, the Royal Palace.  
    * Classical Era: Aegean Cultural Architecture: Crete - Mai Xini Culture (under the fine pillar thick), Lions Gate.  
                  
Ancient Greek Architecture: Doric order,thick majestic, known as the male column, such as
Parthenon. Ionic order, grace and elegance, known as the female column, such as Temple of
Athena Nike. Corinthian order, gorgeous slim, the shape of a basket of bloom flowers, Temple of
Zeus.  
Ancient Roman Architecture: Achievements: arch,tube shaped  
arch, dome, cross arch, truss.  
Column: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, composite order.  
      Basilica: is a Roman form public building, the plane shape is rectangle, it has colonnade around the building, the main entrance
is on the long side, it has apse on the short side. The church building is derived from Basilica.  
Pantheon:Roman dome technology, the highest representative, the Roman arena.  
The European Middle Ages:  
    Byzantine Architecture: the cross of horizontal and vertical discrepancy is small, the point of intersection is a large circle dome.
Saint Sophia Cathedral is a typical Byzantine architecture.  
Gothic architecture: The most famous Gothic architecture is The Cathedral of Cologne. Gothic church features: tall steeple,
acuminate arches, flying buttress, large windows and painted biblical story of stained glass. other examples are: Notre Dame de
Paris (Perspective doors, rose windows, steeple), Italy Milan Cathedral.)
Europe, the seeds of capitalism follows:   
    (1) Renaissance (Italian):  
Originated in Florence, advocate the revival of Roman architectural forms, in particular the proportion of the classical column,
semi-circular arch, round flat.  
For example: the official residence of the Medici in Florence, Vicenza circular hall villa.  
    Representative works: Florence' s Duomo, a new era primrose.  
    Michelangelo: St. Peter's Basilica  
(2) The Baroque Architecture (Rome):  
    The shape is freedom, the pursuit of dynamic, rich and beautiful decoration and strong colors.  
    Representative works: Vignola (Rome, Jesuit Church)   
    (3) classical architecture (France):  
    Representative works: huge, magnificent palace style architecture and monumental buildings of the square - the East Gallery
and large mirror the Louvre Gallery, Palace of Versailles Queen room.  
    Rococo style: use shells, stones and rocks. Mainly reflected in the interior decoration. The basic feature of Rococo style: cutesy
delicate, gorgeous delicate, sweet and gentle, despite the trivial.  
    Broad: use of classical columns, including art and cultural complex, Baroque, French classicism.  
The narrow sense: pure ancient Greek, Roman style in French.  
Features: respect for the classical column, emphasizing the classical column     
abide by the planning, axis of symmetry, dignified and majestic.  
2、Modern Architecture:  
The architectural design of the retro trend:  
1）the classical Renaissance:  
France (Greek): Paris, Pantheon,triumphal arch
        United Kingdom (Greek): St. Paul's Cathedral  
        Germany (Greek): Berlin, Brandenburg Gate   
        United States (Greece / Roman): Capitol, Lincoln Memorial (Greek style)  
    2）Romanticism (Parliament Building)  
    3）eclecticism (Paris Opera): Imitate a variety of architectural styles, or a free combination of various architectural styles,
focusing only on balanced and pure formal beauty.  
4）new technologies and materials (the Eiffel Tower, London Crystal Palace).
Explore the new building exercise:  
    1、Arts and Crafts Movement: Webb (Red House)  
    2、Art Nouveau: Antoni Gaudi, Spain, Casa Mila, Sant family church)  
    3、Vienna Secession: Wagner, Vienna subway station  
    4、the Chicago School: Sullivan (Form follows function), the Chicago department store building  
    5、the French reinforced concrete applications: Perret, Paris, Franklin 25 apartment buildings  
    6、German Manufacturing Alliance: it is the first design organization in Germany, it is the cornerstone of German modernist
design. Its founders are Behrens and Wilder. The purpose is to raise the level of German design and design good products by art,
industry and craft. Representative works include Gropius (Cologne Exhibition Building), Behrens (General Electric workshop).  
    Arrival:  
    Gropius: Bauhaus school and the education model.  
    Le Corbusier: Villa Savoye, Marseille apartment, Ronchamp Chapel. The five features of new building (set up pillars at the
bottom of house, free facade, free flat, horizontal windows, roof garden).  
    Mies: Seagram Building, Barcelona Exposition German Pavilion, Fansiwosi residential, principles (less is more).  
    Wright: Falling water villa, the Guggenheim Museum in NY.
The Second World War:
High-tech: Paris, Pompidou Center, Hong Kong Bank building.  
    Deconstruction: scattered, incomplete beauty, mutation, momentum, strange.  
    Representative: Frank Gehry: Bilbao, Spain, the Guggenheim Museum, the Vitra Furniture Museum, Gehry house.  
Daniel Liberskind: Berlin Jewish Museum, Jewish Museum, San Francisco.
History of Chinese Architecture => Traditional Architecture Measurement
这门课主要是以大课的形式上的，上课以老师讲授为主，在期间我们做过一些作业，比如收集地方历史，制作亭子模型等
等，老师希望我们通过这些小作业对这些古建筑元素印象更加深刻的。最终的考核是以考试的形式来实现的。
This is also a lecture, we did some small homeworks during that corse, such as a model of chinese pavilion， we use wood sticks
and wooden panel to make it. We also hv to do some research about the history of our hometown, when is the original of the city,
and how large, and where is it located, then we hv to write a essay. The professor want us to hv a deep expression of all the
knowledge point. At the end od that semester we hv a exam.
这门课主要讲的是中国古代的木构造建筑结构，以及中国古代建筑的三段式建筑结构，屋顶、柱体和墙身以及台基。中国古
代建筑的特色主要有：主轴线，院落围合，建筑立面三段式。按照几下的集中分类，我们一次学习了中国古代
in this class we mainly learned about the wooden construction, our chinese ancient building hv 3 important component, on the top
of it is the roof part, we always can know the grade of the building or the owner from the type of roof. In the middle is the wall,
column, window and doors, and at the bottom of it is a huge basement, we call it platform tower. Since this basement comes out,
we can distinguish the building of emperor or just normal civilian. The most important feature of chinese ancient building is the
axis, symmetry，rank, courtyard, and the orientation.
建筑的雏形，从天然的岩洞开始，逐渐的使用木材，石材开始建造简单的单层房屋。由于皇权的出现，中国的建筑开始出现
台基这一个部分，为了使之于平民的房屋有所差别吧。慢慢的开始出现围墙，轴线，梁柱，屋檐等结构，并在之后的很长一
段时间内一直在不断的优化这些结构形式，慢慢的演变到现在我们依然可以看到的中国古代建筑的形制。
We learned the history by time and also the type, the original building type is the cves, gradually they begin to use the wood and
stone to set up a building. And then the house become a defence of enemy and animals. In this long period of chinese history, we
hv did a lot to make the wooden construction perfect.
城市的形制，最早出现的城市都是用夯土筑城城垣，结构技术相当的原始，墙身也相对的比较低矮，慢慢的开始出现城市里
面的内容，集市等的出现，按照功能将城市划分成一小块一小块的，再到后来集市逐渐开放，就形成了街道、开放门面的形
式，这样便出现了棋盘式的城市平面布局。中国城市概念的出现主要是源于防御（defence）因 此 有 内 外 两 道 城 墙 以 及 护 城 河
moat、角楼等概念慢慢的随之成熟。
Humanbeings always live together so the concept of city begins. Firstly the use just adobe to built short city wall to limited the area,
and the market begins but the area of selling different producted and when they can do business was limited by the emperor. As
time went by , it begins to hv street , retail, shop… and the block of city begins to come out. Till ming/qing dynasty the concept of a
city was matural.
早期的住宅于聚落形式，住宅的形式和等级也是有很大的关系的，一般传统的住宅形式都是四合院的样式，简单一点的就是
三合院，随着等级的不同四合院的院落会不断的加深，故宫其实也可以说是一个巨大的四合院，房屋的布局形式是一模一样
的。
The type of building is also related to the grade of it’s owner. In general, thay living in the courtyard dwelling, like this(picture).
[main room, guest room(or maybe kids room), kitchen, and this period is for the maid or guard]， simple version is without this
two part. We can also say that all the residential building is combinated by this, even the forbidden city, is a huge courtyard
dwelling, which hv also many small ones in it.
宫殿、坛庙、陵墓，宫殿发展的四个阶段，茅草盖顶，夯土筑基阶段；高台宫室阶段，宏伟宫殿宫苑结合阶段，纵向三朝阶
段。宫殿以及房屋的屋顶是现实居住着身份地位的象征。坛庙是荒地用来祭祀用的，以祈求风调雨顺，国泰民安。陵墓是中
国古代建筑种类之中很重要的一种，因此在学的时候会单独列作一项。在铃木建筑的地下部分经常使用拱券、空心砖等来作
为基本结构。到明清时期，陵墓开始有了自己的标准形式。
Palace, forum and temple, and mausoleums are the most important type of chinese ancient building. We hv 4 steps-development
of palace. 1st use the adobe as the basement, 2nd hv the plantform tower, 3rd becomes to hv many palace and garden inside, the 4th
one becomes to hv a rigorous axis and type of building such as forbidden city. The forum and temple is for sacrified. The emperor
shd go there to pray for the peaceful and good harvest of the whole year. Mausoleums are very important also, especially for the
emperor and his family. They will hv a huge underground mausoleum and also some overground buildings, gates, stone
sculptures to make a garten to bury their whole family.
宗教建筑（佛教，道教），寺庙，殿宇，塔，雕塑，壁画都属于宗教性建筑艺术。但现在保存下来的很少。
园林，一步一景，步移景异。比较有名的皇家园林有与圆明园，颐和园等，私家园林在苏州有很多，如，拙政园，留园等
等，都是具有特色的地方园林，在园林的建造手法上南北有比较大的差异。园林建筑主要涉及的是水，山，石，建筑，亭子
等。
Garden is also a symbol of chinese ancient building. The garden design shd think more about the view. We hv to make the view
change as we move, that’s the point. They use the buildings, plants, or stones to leading our path, so that we can see different
things in a very small garden. And the built style has some discrepancy between north and south vertion.
Chinese ancient architecture in general is mainly about wooden structure, supplemented by brick, tile and stone. From
building exterior point of view, each building has three parts. On the top is the roof,in the middle are columns, doors, windows and
walls, the base is under the wall. There is a vertical and horizontal wooden structure above the columns under the eaves, layer
upon layer to form the building structure which is called bracket sets, it can support the roof and interior beams and ceilings,
convey loads, it has anti-seismic capacity and express architectural grade, it can be a basic measure for component size and has a
strong decorative effect. When talking about China's ancient architecture it must be mentioned because it is a specific component
of ancient Chinese architecture.  
1、Basically:
    1）Beam-column type: “house will not fall down when the walls fell down”This is an old Chinese saying, express the
characteristics of beam-type structural system. Because this structure is mainly bear loads by beams and columns, walls do not
bear the weight, so the location of the wall can be arranged according to the size of interior space. it can be changed at any time
when they need, the doors and windows can also be set up according to their needs, high or low, or even can be opened into  
empty windows.  
2）The form of Ancient Chinese wooden structure: First is Chuan Dou-style, use architrave and column, it’s convenient to
construct and good at anti-seismic, but it is difficult to build large buildings, so residential areas in south China use more of this
form. The second is carrying beam, column over beam beam over column. It can increase the deep and wide of a building and
meet the expanding requirements of interior space, it becomes a main structure of palace, temple and other luxury buildings.
    3）Color: Some colors of China's ancient architecture are bright, some are harmony or elegant simplicity. Almost each palace,
temple and other buildings are use more contrast, vivid colors: the red wall and yellow tiles set off the blue sky, green trees,
together with painting so that the whole ancient construction appears brilliant. The colors of folk buildings are more elegant and
simple.  
4）painting: is an important part of China's ancient architecture. Today, we can see the golden, red and green paintings under
the eaves from Tiananmen Tower, the Forbidden City, temple of heaven, Summer Palace and other important buildings.  it makes
a conversion and transition between the colored roofs and red columns, and make it even more splendid. Architectural painting
also has practical effects, such as protection of wood and wall surface.
2、The structure of wood frame building components:  
1）Decorated bracket: It is a special name of Chinese architecture. put on the junction between beams and columns, it can
shorten the net distance of Beams and architraves, it is also a decorative component.  
2) base: express architectural grade. It’s made by brick and stone. There are Convex molding on the top of it, and
decoration on the stage built of white marble railings, commonly used in palaces and famous temples.   
3) railing (drum-shaped bearing stone: it is a component on Ancient Chinese stamp
stability).  
tread, it used for decoration and
4) roof (express architectural grade): Almost all roofs have graceful roof curves. Is conducive to the force and drainage.
5) Decoration: Ruyi door is a kind of ancient Chinese architectural style gate of couryard dwelling, obove the door engraved
Chinese word“Ruyi”, which is the origin of this name,it means wishful.  
3、The garden:  
1) Royal garden features: functional diversity, large scale, natural landscape and artificial landscape garden, royal style,
elegant. Such as the Summer Palace.  
2) Private garden features: more in cities, close to the residential area, space is small, simple and elegant style, refinement.   
4、Ideas and effects:  
Chinese Ancient Architecture: Yingxian Wooden Tower, pagoda, Beijing courtyard, Forbidden City, Ming Tombs, Hall of
Supreme Harmony (bases, roofs, railings), Temple of Heaven (power), Summer Palace (royal garden).  
We can take account of ancient architecture elements and apply them to modern architecture, heritage of our history and
culture. Such as: Beijing Fragrant Hills Hotel (designed by IM Pei，Louvre Pyramid, melt classical Chinese architecture element,
landscape art and environmental art in the hotel); Shanghai World Exposition China Pavilion (integrate element of traditional
Chinese architectural , the image of bracket sets, it looks like a Oriental Crown and expresses the spirit of Chinese culture).  
中国古建筑木构架体系的类型，比较通行的观点一般分为穿斗式、抬梁式（或称叠梁式、架梁式）和井干式三大类  。就现
存的古建筑实例和保留传统做法的地方民居实例来看，井干式的应用不多，穿斗式和抬梁式是使用最广泛的类型。而这后两
种类型的使用特点是：官式的建筑，从《营造法式》和《工程做法则例》以及现存的古建实例反映出来的基本上是抬梁式；
民间的建筑，普通的观点，抬梁式流行于北方，穿斗式流行于南方。这就形成一个简单的二元论模式，其中官式—民间、北
方—南方、抬梁—穿斗形成了三组对应的范畴，包含两个层次：一是官式和民间；二是民间建筑中的北方（抬梁式）和南方
（穿斗式）。
抬梁式木构架的特点是：柱上搁置梁头，梁头上搁置檀条，梁上再用矮柱支起较短的梁，如此层叠而上，梁的总数可达3-5
根。当柱上采用斗拱时，则梁头搁置于斗拱上。
找例子
穿斗式
穿斗式（或称“串逗”式）木构架的特点是：用穿枋把柱子串联起来，形成一榀榀房架；檀条直接搁置在柱头上；在沿檩条
方向，再用斗枋把柱子串联起来。由形成了一个整体框架。
抬梁式
抬梁式木构架的特点是：柱上搁置梁头，梁头上搁置檀条，梁上再用矮柱支起较短的梁，如此层叠而上，梁的总数可达3-5
根。当柱上采用斗拱时，则梁头搁置于斗拱上。
与抬梁式比较，相比之下，穿斗式木构架用料小，整体性强，但柱子排列密，只有当室内空间尺度不大时（如居室、杂屋）
才能使用；而抬梁式木构架可采用跨度较大的梁，以减少柱子的数量，取得室内较大的空间，所以适用于古代汉族宫殿、庙
宇等建筑。

Traditional Architecture Measurement*
设计课
Design Basics   
在这门课程上我们主要学习的是点线面的构成和一些简单的色彩意向的表达和搭配，做一些简单的体块设计，利用泡沫、花
泥、纸杯等材料做一些辅助。具体的内容详见作品集
in this class we mainly learn how to form a picture by point, line, plane. Then we use foam paper cups and corrugated paper to
make some design.
形态构成 (Morphosis)
    This course describes the design basis, involved in plane composition, color composition, three-dimensional composition
design theory, emphasize the form of graphic design rules and design principles of the organization, the color characteristics and
color organizations.  
1)Plane composition: the visual elements in the plane according to the visual effects, mechanical layout and composition of
the basic principles involved, the main research is point, line, surface composition.  
2)Color composition: a scientific analysis method, in accordance with the laws of a certain combination of the relationship
between various elements, to re-create the color effects of the new process.  
3)Three-dimensional composition: research in three-dimensional space, how to combine three-dimensional shapes
according to certain principles of the elements.
Elementary Architecture Design I
We did some abstrat space composing with paperplatt. Then we should choose one space pattern to make a 15*9*6m box hous.
Elementary Architecture Design II
单元重复空间生成6x9x12,用泡沫完成）；大师作品分析，瓦楞纸7人真实大小坐卧躺空间设计，塔楼生活空间设计；校园区
块环境设计分析，住宅区外部空间设计（7栋）
we did the unit design, master works analysis, use corrugated paper to make a real space that 7 people can standing, lying, and
sitting inside. Then we did a tower building planning design, very basic and rough version, and also a external space design.
Architecture Design I
We designed a villa in Longjing District, which is famous for its tee. In this design we can the owner of the hous free choose. I
design the housowner a worldfamous cook, who lives here to creat delicious food with tee.
Architecture Design II
大师作品分析，工厂院落景观改造，社区文化中心
in this two course, master works analysis, an old factory of a courtyard landscape reconstruction, and a community culture central  
In this course we should a social community center design. It’s the first public architecture we design. And i follow the Shanghai
EXPO 2010, the german exhibition building, to creat a ensemble but green building.
Architecture Design III*
We did a village of hotel an the bank of Xixi wetland.  
Architecture Design IV*
这是一门我们最为主要的专业课，在这门课上我们需要通过很多不同主题的建筑设计来不断的联系并掌握各种不同主题的建
筑的设计，具体的请参看我的作品集的部分，在里面均有原始期末作业的展示。在这个学期之中我们开始真正的涉入到建筑
设计之中，我们做了一个位于西溪湿地的旅馆设计以及一个书画博物院设计。
This is one of our most important professional course, in this class we hv to practice to do all kinds of building design, and to know
some basic knowledge of them, this semester we made a hotel, a museum in xixi wetland.
We die a painting museum an the bank of Xixi wetland.
Architecture Design V*
In this time we made two designs. The first one i did is the master workshop of Long Yingtai, a writer from China, Taiwan. The other
one is commercial complex an the bank of Westlake.
Architecture Design VI*
这是一门我们最为主要的专业课，在这门课上我们需要通过很多不同主题的建筑设计来不断的联系并掌握各种不同主题的建
筑的设计，具体的请参看我的作品集的部分，在里面均有原始期末作业的展示。在这个学期的这两门设计课之中我们主要做
了三个设计，一个是大师工作室的设计，第二个是一个城市创意文化综合体设计，再一个是一个小型的社区活动中心的设
计。
This time we shd make a studio for one of ur favorite master, a mix use center, and a gym for community.
Architecture Design Studio (7) *
Specialized Topics in Architecture Design*
专题化设计是相对比较重要的一个设计课，这门课持续时间长达一个学期。
In this course we can choose a special topic by ourselves, the teacher given us at about 10 themes, and I chose......
（建筑综合设计）
（室内设计与装饰装修材料interior design & decoration）
在这门课里我们主要学习的是一些室内装修设计的基本内容，西先是一些基本的室内装修风格的普及，然后是一些简单的色
彩的搭配，具体到一些室内装修上的细节内容，玄关，客厅，卧室，影音室，厨卫，餐厅，阳台等空间应该如何设计，沙
发，电视，床，柜子等家具的具体的尺寸以及一些摆放位置相互配合的关系和一些基本的讲究，用水房间地坪的高差设计以
及每一个空间的吊顶设计。最终是以大作业的方式来呈现，设计的内容包括地平面，吊顶平面，一些主要平面的墙立面展开
图等来表达的。
The interior design course is one of my favorite courses. At the first half semester we learn some basic knowledge of the interior
design style, the color match, the basic dimension of some furniture, and we learn how to design for different area, such as living
room, kitchen, dining room, bedroom, lavatory, balcony, hallway. The rest time we did a design of a 120sqm room. We firstly hv to
separated it to at least 2 room, 1 living one dinning, kitchen, and 2 lavatory, then draw the plan with furniture, the false ceiling plan,
sections of false ceiling, elevation of walls and kitchen details.
实践类（作品集）
Practice at Constriction Site*
施工工地实习是我们在暑期时的有一个实习，在这一段时间内，我们的构造老师会联系一般4-5个工地带我们进去参观，了
解不同施工过程之中的建筑步骤，一些基本的构造实际的样子，以及施工图纸的解读和施工图纸和施工现状的相互对比等，
真正的了解一个建筑的建造过程，让我们把平时在课本上以及在建筑设计过程之中学习到的一些理论的想象到的知识在这些
工地上得到一个更加深刻的认识。
In this short semester we need go with teacher to 4 construction site, and to see directly the structures and how they could be
constructed, one of them we can also see the construction draws, so that we can combine them together, and know them more
clearly. After all of them we shd write a paper and hand on at the next semester. By this visit, I think I can understand some
structure more clear.
Unfinished Building + Finished Building
Building Construction refers to the production activities at implementation phase of the construction . Including
infrastructure construction, main structure construction, roof construction, decoration construction.  
1、Construction Technology:  
    Earthwork: Category (soft soil, ordinary soil, hard soil, soil, gravel solid
rock, soft rock, inferior solid rock, solid rock, special solid rock)  
Earthwork calculation: V = H/6 * (A1 +4A0 + A2)
Earthwork mechanized construction methods: excavate (bulldozer, scraper), transport soil, compacted fill.
    Stake foundation engineering: if the natural foundation soil is bad, you need to piling and use precast stake or filling pile.  
Points: to meet the design strength of 70%, allowing lifting; to reach 100%, allowing transportation and piling.  
Superstructure construction:  
⑴ starting from the material:  
Block masonry construction:
Reinforced concrete construction: precast type (they are producted in accordance with the size and scale in the factory, then
transport them to the site and installate, construction speed is fast), cast in situs type (the building components are constructed in
the field, construction is flexibility, integrity and stiffness is good, but it’s influented by seasons, it can not be under construction in
winter period).  
Reinforcement connections: welding, banding, mechanical connection.  
Template Project: it is a model for concrete forming, it is a temporary supporting facility and can be used for many times.  
Concrete projects include: preparation, transportation, pouring and vibrator, conservation, strength checks, form removal and
repair.  
Indwelling construction joints: the place with small shear and easy to construct.  
construction element hoisting:  
Lifting Machinery: self-rod hoister, mast-style hoister, tower crane.  
Crawler Crane Technical parameters: lifting weight, lifting height, lifting radius.   
Lifting height: H=h1+h2+h3+h4 (h2=0.3m; h4=1m).
⑵ holistic approach:  
Building Structure Construction: brick-concrete structure construction:  need for scaffold (It is a temporary facility for
workers to operate and stack materials).  
2、Construction Organization:  
flow line method in construction: Characteristics (continuous operation, efficiency is good, make full use of time and space)  
    Flow parameters:  
construction segment: the construction of the object is divided into a number of construction area in the plane.  
Construction layer: the construction of object is divided into a number of job levels in vertical.  
Water Beat: construction duration of the construction segments by Professional Task teams.  
Flow-pace distance: the time interval of two teams adjacent access to flow construction.  
Construction organization: slove five issues: task decomposition, how to construct, by whom, when to construct, where to
construct.  
Network Planning: It is a network diagram to carry out the direction and start and completion time schedule. double code
network.  
Construction is the next part of architectural design, in order to ensure safety construction and realize the ideal design, we
should control construction well.
Contemporary Architecture Cognition*
这门课程是我们分小组完成任务的一门课，一般来说一个小组有6个人左右，我们需要在一个长学期之中完成两个分析作
业，一个国内的建筑大师作品分析以及一个国内的大师作品，题目是我们的代课老师自己定的，一般国内的项目会主要在浙
江上海等方便去实地参观的地方。在两次分析结束之后都需要给代课老师以及安德鲁先生答辩。我们组做的外国项目是西扎
的一个餐厅，主要从其建筑形态以及细部处理的方式入手分析；国内的项目是一个外婆家的室内改造项目，我们组主要是从
室内材料的角度去入手分析。
This is a group work course, in each half semester we shd finish a masterwork analysis. At the first half semester we analyse a
restaurant of siza in Portugal called boa nova tea house. The next half semester we did a analysis of restaurant interior by a chinese
interior designer called shenlei. Each time we finished the analysis we shd hv to reply.
This is a group work course, in each half semester we shd finish a masterwork analysis. At the first half semester we analyse a
church of Shigeru Ban in Kobe, Japan called the paper church. The next half semester we did a analysis of Meilizhou church by a
japannise designer. Each time we finished the analysis we shd hv to reply. We six people had a hard work and made serveral
beautiful models. At last we did a report to the famous Paul Andrew.
Field Trips to Modern Architecture*
这个考察项目是我们需要在大四的暑假完成的，需要的是我们去北京上海等一些大城市进行一段时间的现代建筑的考察。我
选取的是上海南京以及杭州一些地区的新兴类建筑的参观考察，这一个暑期考察最终以报告的形式来考量。
This is our last short semester, but it shd be finished by ourselves. We shd went to Beijing, shanghai Guangzhou or some other
place to visit the new buildings, and then write a paper of it. I went to qingpu district and also Nanjing, then write a paper about
the the test buildings.
Traditional Architecture Measurement*
传统建筑测绘是我们在中国建筑史学习完成之后的一个实践性的课程，我们去了浙江省的新叶村，在那边呆了一周，分组完
成一栋极具中国建筑特色的古民居测绘工作。在这一段时间内我们每天白天就呆在这一栋我们需要测绘的古民居之中，最终
需要绘制出这一栋民居的平面图、立面图、剖面图、以及各种大样图。
In this traditional architectural measurement course, we went to a small old town near Hangzhou, we stay there for 10 days and
divided to seceral group, each group has 4-5 people, and we shd pick one house and stay there for the whole day, first draw a
sketch plan elevation, sections and then measure it, and then draw a official version with ruler and shd also give the dimensions.
After we went back to school, we shd use autocad to draw a electrical version which is with more details, and that shd be sent to
the design institute.
通识课
Experiment of Introduction to Life Science and Technology
The course offers a wide knowledge of life sciences, which covers the fundamentals, frontiers interdisciplinary, philosophy and
application of life. That makes me have a wonder about bionical archittecture. And i would like to share one example with you...
Biological Diversity and Security
Chinese Folk Music in Contemporary
在这门课中我们主要通过Viedeo听一些中国民族音乐作品以及一些民乐团的作品来认识。老师还会邀请乐团的同学们给我
们现场展示。
From this class we can know something about the Chinese contemporary Chinese folk music. We lessen much on the class via
Internet or CDs and the teacher will give us some comments.  
Freshmen seminar: Introduction to Nanotechnology
在这门课上我们学习了一些纳米材料以及其运用，观察纳米材料的显微形态，由于学生数较少，因此我们也采用自己收集资
料并上去讲，然后大家讨论的，老师补充的模式。
this is a 6 weeks class of modern materials and techniques. Half of it we had lectures and the others we have to presentation a
material that we interested, then we will discuss about that, the teacher will also give some comments.
Freshmen seminar: Introduction to Disaster Prevention
Freshmen seminar: Introduction to Methodology for Signal Processing
Health Education
Fundamental of Geo-information Science
Language and Culture: Comparison Between Chinese & English
The Essence of Chinese Culture*
This class is more like a Chinese traditional philosophy introduction such as Confucianism, Mohism, Taosium etw.  
Chinese Business Culture and Entrepreneurship*
在这门课上我们主要以小组作业以及上课老师给案例以及讲评的方式来实现，老师希望我们通过这门课能够掌握一些基本的
商业技能技巧以及一些创业的基本知识于技能，我们需要在这么课上假想出一个产品或者服务，并希望通过一定的手段把他
推向市场。
In this course we learnt the basic konwlegement of bussiness and steps of entrepreneurship. Then serveral team bring a creative
idea and make a plan to sell it to custmers in the market.Team of my side did a business about private and public service for the
ages.
Ancient Chinese & Ancient Prose Appreciation*
其他类
Military Training
the military training during about 2 weeks before we begin our college life.
Military Theory
一些基础的军事理论以及国际的军事政策。
Some basic military theory and policies.
Situation and Policy I
当代国际形式和中国的应对对策。
Contemporary international situation and China's countermeasures.
Scarborough Shoal黄岩岛 Philippines
Mental Education and Foundation of Law
基本道德修养的塑造，公民应该掌握的基础法律知识。
Modern Chinese History
中国近代的一些历史事件
Some event has happened in contemporary chinese history
Introduction of Principal of Marxism*
Intro. To Mao Thought & Theoretical System of China Socailism*  
College English Band II, College English Band III, College English Band IV
Education of Computer Science and Technology
一些基本的计算机软硬件的知识和一些电脑软件的基本使用。
Some fundamentals of the computers technology, and the basic knowledge of some computer software.
Fundamentals of Java Programming  
We learn basic java programming and java language.
Engineering Mathematics I, Engineering Mathematics II
linear algebra, calculus / calculus
（一）函数与极限：集合、函数的概念、函数的特性（有界性/单调性/奇偶性/周期性）、函数的极限、函数的连续性、反
函数。
（二）导数与微分：根据导数的定义求函数的导数、函数的可导性、函数的和/积/商的求导法则、复合函数的求导法则。
P140基本初等函数的微分公式与微分运算法则。
（三）中值定理与导数的应用
      罗尔定理（Rolle）、拉格朗日（Lagrange）中值定理和柯西（Cauchy）中值定理、
      洛必达法则、函数的单调性和曲线凹凸性、函数的极值和最大最小值。
（四）不定积分：基本积分表、换元积分法、第二类换元法、分部积分法。
（五）定积分：积分上限的函数及其导数、牛顿-莱布尼茨公式、定积分的换元法、定积分的分部积分法、定积分应用。
    The textbook we learned is less teaching hours for architecture, covering relatively small.
    (A) Function and limitation: collection,
function(Boundedness/monotonicity/parity/periodicity)limitation of
concept of function, characteristicst of
function, continuity of function, reciprocal function.  
    (B) Differential coefficient: According to the definition of Differential coefficient calculate differential coefficient of function.
differentiability of function, function plus, multiply, divide derivation rules, derivative of composite function rules. Differential
formulas and algorithms of basic elementary functions.  
    (C) The mean value theorem: Rolle's theorem, Lagrangian mean value theorem and Cauchy mean value theorem, Luo
Hospital rule,the function of the monotonicity and convex-concave curve of function, the extreme value and the maximum and
minimum.  
(D) indefinite integral: basic points table,substitution integral method, the second substitution method, integration by parts.  
    (E) definite integral: integral upper limit function and its derivative, Newton-Leibniz formula, definite integral element method,
definite integral integration by parts method, application of definite integral.  
Engineering Physical Basis
Volleyball (Basic Level)
我们主要学习的是怎么发球，怎么接球，一些基本的技术动作，以及简单的对打技术。
We mainly learn how to service, and how can we catch the ball, some basic techniques, and also some simple sparring skills.
Badminton (Basic Level)
我们主要学习的是怎么发球，怎么接球，一些基本的技术动作，以及简单的对打技术。
We mainly learn how to service, and how can we catch the ball, some basic techniques, and also some simple sparring skills.
Swimming (Basic Level)
breaststroke technique
Rugby*
英式橄榄球
movement of hands and feet
take a breath (in swimming)   
Rugby or rugby football is a game played by two teams using an oval ball. Players try to score points by carrying the ball to their
opponents' end of the field, or by kicking it over a bar fixed between two posts.
rule 组织比赛 kicked off开球
catch接球
throw  pass the ball传球
建筑物理  建筑美术  现代建筑考察
建筑物理  城市设计原理  二课
建筑物理  工程材料  作品集
建筑物理：问的细
建筑材料：结合建筑物理一起问，保温隔热：保温层之类的隔层材料是什么？   问的细
作品集：高层设计，尺寸：平面多少米*多少米，蛛网，层高；设计理念，为何这样造型。
笔试：解释快题设计概念
Tips：
当然每个课程种（不是课程）准备3-4个大点还是必要的。要做到每个课程种能说个5-10分钟就行
多看看高年级的课程吧，一二年级做到心中有数，万一被问到了能说出两三句概括。
面过的小伙伴告诉我主要考大三大四的课，于是我在这十来天里把大三大四的课过了一遍，每门课差不多一两张A4纸，最核
心的三个以内的知识点+例子+图。我觉得大三大四的课的复习方法才是正确的，复习得快，也容易记。最后把大一大二的公
共课还有选修课简单地弄了一下。      
没来得及提交成绩的那学期上了什么课
不会的东西千万别说一点不知道，你得说我们学过类似的知识点，然后解释。。。如果真是不会千万别说知道，否则一深问
肯定死。。还落个不诚实。。。有极个别的不知道也正常。。所以不必纠结。。。
关键我觉得你要有自信，他是跟你学东西。。你当老师的得有知识储备吧，遇到不会的也不能瞎说，不能误人子弟。。你说
是吧。。。。要深入浅出。。先说基本的。。在一点点深入。。。
所以说呢在战略上要藐视敌人。。审核官不是多专业。。。。但在战术上要重视敌人。。审核官冷不丁的就问你个问题（当
然也是针对你说的）。。。。
说到语言组织能力我就多说点，我觉得这个挺重要，也避免大家犯我一样的问题。我二审挂的超级莫名，我也不说了，和小
米老瓦分析原因，老瓦也不知道，小米提出一个可能：我的回答不够简单粗暴，而且牵连太多，反而给人你在扯淡的感觉，
而不是你懂的多，因为……你扯多人审核官未必听得懂啊，人家不是专业的。二审的时候他问的问题非常泛泛，所以经常我一
个人就说上3 4分钟，我语速还可以，所以内容可能就太多了。
举个栗子，来个机械大类的吧，这样听得懂的人多。问我铸造是什么，在汽车上怎么应用。
我二审的状态就是，哇哈哈，铸造就是利用各种模具，将溶化了的金属进行造型然后冷却啊，模具分为verlorener Form和
Dauerform啊，Dauerform一般金属做的，汽车行业用金属模具较多，就是所谓的Kokillen啦，汽车里很多形状复杂的零件都是
铸造的啊，最有名的是Motorblock啦，当然有的曲轴也是这么倒腾的，但是现代汽车很少用了啊……
而小米对这个的反应很直接：你小丫挺的说什么多P话干嘛！  小米让我锻炼一种简单粗暴的回答方式，言简意赅。他说APS
的问题最多是让你解释这是什么（Was ist das），你的回答只要根据三点：1.  基本概念  2.为什么我们（汽车行业）需要这个
3.  提一个你心里有数的例子的名字，或者再多说一句。  这样就非常足够了，小米不断给我强调，德国人最喜欢的就是，条
理，逻辑，简单粗暴。
后来Bosch的Projekt Leiter也说到这个，他说德国人都喜欢简单粗暴，那么多废话很不必要，他就告诉我，回答的原则只有一
句话：So wenig wie Möglich, so viel wie notwendig  （还真是不好翻译……英审的各位原谅我翻不出带感的中文）
三审的时候，我的回答就是简单粗暴：铸造，sog. Urformen，将formlose Stoff进行成型的手段，汽车上广泛运用于箱体等复
杂零件，比如Motorblock。OK，30s就能说完，然后等考官问问题。
复习时最好能总结成一两句话概括+KEYWORDS，然后用德语或者英语直接说成一段，LZ英语还行，所以只用KEYWORD能省
不少时间。而且最好多说一些自己的经历，实习啊设计课啊，别硬背资料，背的东西到了临场发挥，八成都忘了，然后大脑
就in blank了……

她对我说德国人很严谨，而且德国的学校对于课程都会有一个很清晰的结构，因此考官希望你在描述一个课程的时候能有一
个非常清晰的结构，这样他才能抓住你的重点，知道你想说什么，但是中国学生在学校上课的时候，往往接受的课程内容都
是一个个的例子，所以在面试的时候给考官描述的时候也是for example ...for example...考官就会觉得哦只是知道这几个例子，
但是还是不明白你这个课到底学了什么，这就是很多学生失败的原因。这也是我上培训课之后收获最大的一点。
德国高校展上那个德国男士给我的忠告和建议：
1.审核部审核成绩的真实性不光体现在你能说出东西，还体现在你说出的东西和你这门课的成绩的匹配度上，简而言之就是
90分的课程你不能表现地和60分一样。
3.要听懂问题，如果没有听懂，可以多问几遍直到弄懂为止。
4.不能滔滔不绝，这也是我上面说的不是类似背出一大段定义和文字，这样审核官会认为你是网上直接load下来的。
5.懂得解释。一旦觉得审核官对你有理解上的偏差，要懂得补救。
诚恳，德国人喜欢简单诚实的回答。当年大家都说，不会的说没学，或者把课说简单……真的没必要，万一演砸了，后果很严
重。
Haben Sie XXXXX vorlesung balabala &%￥*^$$ besucht？
好，特么根本不知道在说点神马，这时候entschuldigung啊什么的大家都会了，如果还是不懂，可以是können sie diese Frage
anders formulieren.  但是最好的还是根据你所听到的发问，比如说，Was ist diese sog. Vorlesung? Ist die eine Vorlesung in
Deutschland oder?
如果你还是想表示下你不是完全没听懂，他还教我：
Entschuldigung, ich habe nicht 100 Prozent verstanden, könnten Sie noch einmal oder etwas anders formulieren?
他说是他问boss的时候最常用的句式……
德国人有个习惯，你听不懂没关系，Fragen Sie noch einmal！哪怕多问几次都好，但是你给个错误的答案，这个印象瞬间就
不行了，而德国人一旦对你印象不好，后面对你的各种评价都会非常猛烈的下降，最可怕的是对你产生不信任。后来我和不
少德国人交流的时候，都说到过这个，给德国人的第一印象很重要，如果这个印象不好了，后面要矫正过来就很困难了。在
老瓦家，小米的语速真是不怎么照顾中国人啊，偶尔我犯二没听懂乱答，就会被他教育个五分钟。
这是我和老瓦、小米、德国朋友、Bosch的Projekt Leiter、原某牛逼大学德国项目负责老师交流时，他们不约而同提到的问题。
特别是Bosch的Projekt Leiter，人超nett，给我说了很多，顺便疯狂吐槽了中国毕业生，说在Bosch，他布置任务，中国毕业生
一定是JaJaJa……
结果转头一问，你那个做了么？中国毕业生就……nani！你有叫我做过？所以他对不懂装懂深恶痛绝，并且一再强调，德国人
不怕你问，他每次面对上司都是不懂就问，这个不会让一个德国人看你不爽，但是你不懂装懂，对不起了！
我只想好了准备讲三个设计，可是并没有演练过怎么讲，按什么思路讲，所以大家准备的时候要练一遍。
关于设计专业的作品集和毕设
关于这个其实要说的不多，只是要说明一下。
1.  有作品集或者毕设要呈现，可以在审核官一开始来带你的时候向他说明，一般都会允许的。Could I bring my portfolio？
3.  要不要带要好好考虑，要是没带一旦问到设计课怎么回答（这里我觉得可以说一下通过设计课主要学会了做设计的过程，
从调研场地开始到画草图想概念到布置体块到排平面到研究立面研究构造研究结构等，在5年的学习中我们一共做了15个方
案，主要有XXXXXXXXX）。
4.  要是带了就一定要好好看过一遍，他们会问很具体的问题的。你想作品集上那么多图，审核官对哪张感兴趣就会问，所以
作品集上的东西一定要做到自己很清楚。不要他问到这构造是什么意思，这个尺寸是多少，这张图表达什么意思而自己说不
出来。
5.  建议不要用太深邃的词语或者句子解释自己的方案，有时候审核官不是建筑专业或者相关专业的。这点楼主有体会，一审
的时候白眉问到我的一个山地纪念中心的分析图，我说这是空间序列，表达了人经过这个建筑会经历世俗空间和精神性空间
的不同氛围的感知。白眉就不理解这个序列，揪着问了很多问题。所以个人感觉是绝对不要把方案复杂化，越简单越通俗越
好！把审核官想象成你的甲方。。。你不会把你的所有思想都和甲方说的！
建筑学APS必过经验
    去年三月参加APS审核，一审通过。
建筑学专业大多是五年，课程较其他专业为多，参加审核时递交的成绩单里的课程总数大概会达到80门以上，不必被这
个数量吓到，系统的归纳一下之后实际没有那么大的工作量。但是决不能轻视，按照以下方法准备，功夫下到，可以保证必
过。建议至少提前六周开始准备。附件里有我和我对象总结的资料，以及我搜集的网络上的资料。
废话不多说，下面从准备和考试两个方面说一下我的经验，怎么能花费尽量少的工作量达到必过的效果。（专业内容我都
是用汉语写的，实际应该是英语或德语，这个大家知道就好）
1.准备
首先，将所有课程按照课程性质和重要程度分类，我分为四类：1.实践类，2.核心专业课，3.一般专业课，4.几乎不会考
的课，也强烈建议大家这么分。
另外，相似和相近的课程可以整合在一起，一并总结。比如建筑构造，可以和结构选型放在一起，此外构造和材料、施
工、建筑结构与力学（我们学校的奇葩课）都有相通的地方。又比如地域建筑这门课，你可以说我们讲了四合院、土楼、窑
洞等中国传统地域建筑，而这些内容与中建史有重合。建筑流派及理论这门课又跟外建史有重合，如果考官同时问到相通的
两门课，在涵盖面广的那门课里回避掉重合的部分就是了，比如说他问地域建筑，我说了四合院，他又问中建史，那我不说
四合院就可以了，古建筑的材料，结构，平面形式这些，可以说的很多。这类相通的课程非常多，凡相通的课都可以放在一
起总结，节省工作量，即使是不相通的课程，也可以往相通上靠，只要能自圆其说。
下面说一下各个分类的准备方法：
1.1 实践类
这一类课程是需要自己动手做，最终以作业形式呈交的课程。包括建筑设计，美术，建筑表现，室内设计，居住区规划，
园林设计，模型制作，陶艺，摄影，古建筑测绘等。
这类课程的应对方法是——一句话+作品集
首先是准备一句或一段概括性的话（所有类型的科目都要准备这样一句话），这句话一般是“in this course，we mainly
learn……”，概括一下这门课学了什么，不必太长，但要言之有物，体现一点专业水准，不要讲谁都会说的话。比如建筑设计
原理这门课，不能说“这门课我们学习了建筑设计的一般原理”，这个是废话，可以说“这门课我们学习了如何从建筑的功能，
流线组织，建筑形式以及建筑与周边环境的关系等方面入手设计建筑，我们在每个学期都练习设计了不同类型，不同规模的
建筑设计，比如：别墅、幼儿园、图书馆、体育场等等”
之后就结合作品集说，因为如果空口说一些设计方法，很容易词穷，也没有说服力，就着作品集谈方法，简单有效。可
以跟考官说“这门课我们做了一个小的设计练习，成果在我的作品集里，您可以看一下”，可以说的很礼貌，令对方难以拒绝，
比如说“Would you mind have a look at my works in my portfolio please”。 之 后 结 合 你 的 作 品 谈 一 些 设 计 方 法 ， 比 如 “ 这 个 图
书馆的设计我首先考虑到结合当地的……历史文化，因此把……做成……，功能上主要有……，我把他们这样排布是因为……，人
流组织上我……”，不要啰嗦，但要体现专业知识，此外，对于你作品集里放的作品要事先考虑到考官要问你什么，比如一个
大跨度建筑肯定会预想到对方有可能问你结构，做足准备，遇到没有预料到的问题也不必紧张，尽可能回答他，毕竟都是自
己的作品，自己了解的比较清楚，即使遇到完全不会的问题也不要紧，APS本来就不是考察你有多优秀，只是证明你上过这
门课，做过这个设计，有不会的很正常。只需要告诉他你没有考虑到这一点，以后再做设计会注意，如果有可能的话可以扯
到相关的你会的点上，比如“这个问题我没有考虑到，以后再做设计会注意，但是关于屋面我有考虑到……”注意一定是跟他
问题有关的，不要瞎扯。
所有的设计，规划乃至模型，摄影，陶艺等都是这个思路：一句话总结学了什么，之后展示作品。
关于作品集这里还要说一下，APS不是考察你有多优秀，只是证明你学过，不必照着申请学校的作品集的标准做，最好
就放你课上的作业，你比较了解，知道说什么。只需要把每个作品的标题翻译成英语或德语，内容就直接用汉语，不用改，
到时候拿着图给他讲就可以了。当然做的要有调理一些，最好有个英文目录。像建筑设计这种每个学期都有的课，只需要挑
几个最好的放进去就可以了，不必每个都有。每一个放进作品集里的作品，哪怕是一幅水彩画，都应该准备好说什么。
1.2  核心专业课
就是指建筑学最核心的理论类专业课，包括：建筑构造、结构选型、中外建筑史、建筑物理、建筑材料、建筑施工、建
筑设备、建筑防火、建筑规范、建筑力学。
这类专业课每一门都要看书总结，自己写下来。不建议直接用别人总结好的，不容易理解，而且总结的过程中学到的比
只看总结好的文字要多。准备 APS 实际上也是第二次学习甚至是第一次学习的过程，之前上课我们可能有很多知识没有听，
或听过忘了，或一直不理解，经过整个准备 APS 的过程可以让各种建筑知识系统化。
首先是准备一句或一段概括性的话（所有类型的科目都要准备这样一句话）
核心专业课的总结方法是：抓最重要的主干，系统化，深挖。不必做到面面俱到，把你总结的几个重点深挖下去。为什
么呢，因为 APS 考试的提问方式，一开始一定是“说说你……这门课学了什么”，之后你说“我们这门课主要学了 A、B、C、
D 四个方面”，即使最苛刻的考官也会容你说完这句话，可能你还学过 E、F、G、H、I，但你只说了 ABCD，绝大多数考官会
问你“那你说说你在 B 里学到了什么”或者直接问你一个跟 A 或 B 或 C 或 D 有关的问题而忽略掉你没说的 EFGHI，这是在引
导考官提问你会的内容。当然，务必要保证 ABCD 是这门课里最重要最核心的章节。而如我之前所说，最重要最核心的 ABCD
章节一定要深挖，以便他问你有关问题你可以讲的深入。所谓深挖，同样不是面面俱到，好比 A 章节里有 1、2、3、4、5、6
几个小节，我们也是选择最重要的 1、2、3 往下挖，1 小节里我们依然是选择最重要的。这也体现了系统化。这样就可以做
到少而精，并且深入。考官问的通常也都是最核心最简单的问题，做到这样就已经足够了。
以建筑构造为例：
总结之前，先列一个提纲，精炼出这门课的重点：
一．建筑各部分构造（structure of each architectural component）
1.1 基础构造（foundation）
1.2 墙体构造（wall）
1,3 楼板构造（floor）
1.4 楼梯构造（stair）
1.5 屋顶构造（roof）
二．常见的结构体系构造（structure system）
2.1 砌体结构（masonry structure）
2.2 框架结构（frame structure）
2.3 剪力墙结构（shear wall structure）
2.4 框剪（frame-shear wall structure）
2.5 框支（shear wall supported on frame structure）
2.6 筒体（tube structure）
小标题下面，可以再分小标题，然后看书上网总结，充实内容，翻译专业词汇。在考场上说的时候，不要单线深入，不
要说“首先我们学了建筑各部分的构造，首先是基础，基础首先学了浅基础，浅基础首先学了独立基础”，这种说话形式是一
条线纵向深入，千万不要，这样考官可以打断你，然后问跟这个科目有关的任何问题，我们就没有控制住他。说的时候要一
层一层说，先列出每一层的所有内容，再深入，是这种句型“这门课我们主要学了  一.……，二.……，三.……(第一层的所有选项）”，
然后深入“在一.……我们主要学习了 ABCDE 五个知识点（第二层的所有选项）”，然后再深入“A 知识点是……，B 知识点是……，
C 知识点是……”(这是第三层，一般三或四层就可以了），这样是先横向再纵向，在深入说某一点之前，罗列出这一层所有点
的名称，这样的话即即使考官打断你，一般也会从你刚才给的选项中选点提问，而这些点我们都是会的，这样就起到了引导
他们提问的目的。假使他们的问题真的不在这几个点之内而你又不会，那就告诉他这个我们没有学，因为我刚才已经告诉你
我学了什么了。事实上当你罗列出你学的知识点的时候，考官倾向于挑一个问你，所以当你罗列出好比“在一.……我们主要学
习了 A、B、C、D、E 五个知识点”之后，可以稍稍停顿一下，看他有没有要问的，如果没有就从 A 开始讲。
原谅我的啰嗦，说话方法真的很重要，下面模拟一下考场上的这段话：
“这门课我们主要学习了两个方面：1.建筑各部分的构造，2.建筑常见的结构体系（此时如果考官没有打断，你就逐点往
下说，如果他打断你，让你单说某一点，你就直接说那一点，假定此时他没有打断，你就继续说），在“建筑各部分的构造”
中，我们学了基础、墙体、楼板、楼梯、屋顶的构造（这是第二层，此时考官可能会打断你，比如“那你说说楼梯的构造是
怎样的”，那你就说楼梯，如果不打断就说第三层），首先是基础的构造，基础是建筑底部承担上部荷载并把荷载传给地面的
构建，分为深基础、浅基础，浅基础包括独立基础、条形基础、筏式基础、箱式基础（注意：千万不要只罗列名词，罗列完
后一定要解释，不是背定义，解释的形象一点，可以画图，说明每种基础有什么特点，有什么不同，分别适用什么，要言之
有物），深基础是……。之后我们又学了墙体的构造，墙体包括……，之后是楼板……”
考官不可能让你一直说下去，要么打断你进入下一科，要么挑其他的问你，但是咱们不怕他问，因为我们所罗列出来的
几项都是我们准备好的。
1.3  其它专业课
就是指除了上述核心专业课之外，其它与建筑有关的专业课，相对来说没有那些重要，工作量可以小一些，这些课程的
总结，有些课一句话就可以，有些总结几个点，有些可以像核心专业课那样总结成体系（但是不用那么多），这个要每门课酌
情处理了。
比如计算机辅助设计，那就说“这门课学习了运用电脑软件表达建筑设计，主要学了 CAD、SketchUp、PS。CAD 主要是
二维平立剖的表现，SketchUp 是建筑三维的推敲和表现，PS 是图像的后期处理”。准备这一句话基本就可以了，当然还可以
结合作品集，“看，这就是 CAD 画的”
比如建筑法规（不是建筑规范，是法规），当时学了很多，但我就总结了两点，开头这么说“这门课主要讲了我们国家在
建筑行业的法律法规（听到这他其实已经不想听了，他对中国的法规制度不了解，也不想了解），比如，我们国家建筑工程从
立项到完工的流程（具体我也忘了，大家翻书吧），还有我国的注册建筑师制度”就这两个点，应付这门课足够了。
比如建筑师职业教育，还是两个点，第一个是我国的注册建筑师制度，这个和上面的法规重复，一石二鸟，第二个是建
筑师的必备素质：专业性 professional、团队精神 teamwork、责任心 responsibility，这个是我编的，嘿嘿，这两个点，应付这
门课也足够了。当然，开头要告诉他，这门课讲的是中国的建筑师工作和职业生涯，以使他失去兴趣。
比如人机工程学，先说一句话总结学了什么，然后举例子就行。例子不必多，桌椅高度，楼梯高度这些最常用的就行。
比如工程测量学，先一句话总结，然后说我们学了三个仪器，经纬仪，水准仪，红外测距仪，说说都是怎么操作的，不
用太详细，可以画画图，相信大家都会用，说出来不会很困难。
比如园林美学，知道中国园林特点，外国园林特点和发展史（简单记几个最重要的时期），对比中外，会画一两个重要园
林的平面图（比如凡尔赛宫的）即可
其他就不一一举例了，反正剩的也不多了
1.4  几乎不会考的课
主要是大一学的那些英语、数学、政治什么的，尽管考到的概率很小，还是要每门课准备一句话，最好不要漏掉一门，
内容不用管，但要有一句话。他如果详细问内容（可能性极小），就说时间长了，也不是专业课，所以记不清了，抱歉。
另外说说选修课，尤其是有关中西方文化的选修课，可以多准备一下，比如外国文学欣赏，要准备一位作家的一部作品，
说“老师带着我们赏析了很多部，令我印象最深的是……”，外国哲学或什么流派之类的课都是这么办。
2.考试
如果准备的充分，关于考试能说的其实不太多，还是说一点供大家参考
2.1  考试内容
考试内容是以我上面说的前两类为主，即：实践类和核心专业课，从时间上讲是以大三大四为主。以我的经验成绩最差
的课比较容易问到，我和我对象都是这样。我的成绩是大一大二较差，大三大四较好，因此成绩单后半段以 80 多 90 多为主，
而考官主要是看后半段，因此我的建筑物理这门课显得十分突兀，61 分，其实我提前就预料到会问我这个，准备的很充分，
一上来果然是这一门，我于是很流畅的说了我们这门课学了热、光、声三个部分，热学首先学了热的传递方式，分别是传导，
对流，辐射，传导是……，这里有一个非常重要的公式：傅里叶定律，然后解释了傅里叶定律，然后他打断了我，说，很好，
时间不多，我们抓紧时间看看你其他的科目吧。这一番分说就用掉了一半时间，可见重要的科目准备充分是十分重要的，说
流畅点，不给他打断你的机会。推理一下，如果你成绩单后半段成绩普遍不好，有一科分特别高也容易吸引考官的注意。另
外实践类里的设计课，尤其是每个学期都有的建筑设计被问到的可能性也很大，前面说了，结合作品集给他说。当然这说的
都是概率，每一科被问到的可能性都有，所以，不要漏掉一科，按照我上面说的，重要的重点准备，不同类型不同方法，不
重要的至少要有一句话和一句托词。
笔试的话一般会给一道设计题，一道理论题，任选。设计题可能是建筑，也可能是室内或小区规划，因此考试前最好看
几个或练几个快题，包括小型建筑（别墅、咖啡馆、幼儿园什么的），小室内空间（办公室什么的），小区规划（小规模小区，
一般规划需要注意的指标和形式要记住，可以在分析里体现），不过我由于时间紧，这些都没有练过。之前看有的帖子说一定
是小建筑，其实也不一定，比如说我的笔试是图书馆设计，而且给我的时间是 35 分钟，我因为之前没练，加上慌乱，前二十
分钟几乎没画出来什么，最后没办法了，我就只画了一张铅笔效果图，和一个功能分区图（不是平面图），仅此而已，个人觉
得做得很差，好在考官面试的时候让我解释了我的笔试，我就着图说了我的想法，算是圆回来了，这也可以说明笔试不是决
定性的。其实当时还有一道关于构造的理论题，本来我构造复习的很好，但之所以没有选，是因为被那张构造图吓到了，其
实是一张简单的构造图，墙体外面做的保温层，保温层是多孔材料，这些都看得懂，但墙体结构层的符号没有见过，因此放
弃了，没想到最后还是没躲过，面试的时候考官就问了我这张构造图，我说了外面的保温层和其它层，考官很满意，唯独结
构层没见过，我取巧说是 structural layer，考官没上当，非问我什么材质，我说没见过，考官说是混凝土，我才知道他们画混
凝土的方法跟我们常见的不一样，于是我跟考官说，在中国，我们这样画混凝土。这里也提醒大家注意，他们的混凝土是一
道实斜线，一道虚斜线这样交替着画的，不是我们这种实线里面加三角和点，我孤陋寡闻，已经知道的同学就不要见笑了。
总之笔试随机应变，即使没做好也别影响心情，这不是决定性的。
2.2  考场
考场的感觉没有那么严肃可怕，大概像一个企业在亮马河大厦租了几件办公室的感觉，前台是中国工作人员，时间到了
就带着考生到一个屋子里，填写邮寄地址然后照相，然后在屋子里等候，在此期间门是锁住的，刷卡进出，要上厕所不是不
可以，但有点麻烦，所以建议进去之前上个厕所。德国工作人员态度很友善，中国工作人员态度比较冷淡。在屋子里等待期
间可以喝水说话，手机也可以上网，考官会依次叫考生去笔试。叫到你之后，考官会先带你去存包，此时你可以拿出笔等工
具，然后把作品集给考官，跟他说“这是我的作品集，他可以帮助我解释我的专业课”，基本不存在不让带的问题。笔试间大
约 2~3 平米，里面有一些作图工具，考官会先问你用什么语言，然后给你两道题，他会把这两道题给你解释一下，让你选，
你听不懂可以让他再说一遍，他的态度非常好。笔试完后他来叫你去面试，我的笔试和面试的内容刚才我已经说的差不多了，
面试基本就是随机了，礼貌一点，多说点 please，解释专业课的时候说话一定要有调理性，就是我上面说的那种，层层深入，
不要光谈理论，多画画图、举举例子（这个很重要，刚才没有说，很多不好解释的东西就举例子，当然这些例子都是在你总
结专业课的过程中想好的。比如说解释傅里叶定律，光解释公式不够形象，你可以摸摸桌面再摸摸地面，说，环境中的物体
温度都是一样的，我们会感觉到地面比桌面凉是因为地面材料的导热系数比较大，我们的热量流失快，这在傅里叶公式里都
能体现出来，由此我们可以知道，如果建筑的墙面有导热系数低的保温材料，可以减缓热量散失。又比如，说到钢结构不耐
高温的性质，可以举例 911 事件中，恐怖分子的飞机撞向双子塔，双子塔起初并没有倒塌，因为钢结构并没有损毁，而撞击
引发火灾，高温使钢结构强度降低，所以撞击发生一段时间之后大楼才倒塌，就是类似这种例子），有机会也可以开个玩笑什
么的，让面谈过程轻松愉快。
要说的大概就是这么多，照这个方法复习基本可以保证必过。由于我当时总结的资料现在已经不全了，只上传了一部分，
还有我搜集的其他资料一并上传，祝大家都能顺利通过 APS！
有位前辈说，“记得要笑，尽量放轻松，就算碰到不太友好的考官，笑一笑总是好的。不过我这个人本来就爱笑，果然爱笑的人运气不会太
差哈哈~ ”

littleleaf

祝贺楼主一审通过！感谢楼主分享资料！

colinvc

占楼待补充内容

Hannes4869

哇，同是今年读建筑的，排队排了7个月了，请问lz何时递的材料

littleleaf

祝贺楼主！

colinvc

Hannes4869 发表于 2016-5-10 14:58
哇，同是今年读建筑的，排队排了7个月了，请问lz何时递的材料

我是在上海审核，我的去年9月中交的，中间审核部电话让转过审核地址、让补过材料，今年4月底审核的。

colinvc

littleleaf 发表于 2016-5-13 08:47
祝贺楼主一审通过！感谢楼主分享资料！

谢谢你！！也不得不承认运气好，也希望大家留德一路顺利！！