行政管理专业-8月22日参加审核, 27日上海拿到证书

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我毕业已经三年了,在一家德国公司上班,大学学的是行政管理专业的.几乎所有大学学得东西全忘了.审核前准备了大约两周(因为我平时上班,只有晚上的时间),从网上查了不少资料,但关于行政管理的实在是不多,但真的感谢ABCDV, 感谢所有同志道合的朋友.

参加审核前心里也一直很慌,但我做了很全面的准备,把大学里所有47门课的书都找了出来(笔记是找不到了),然后对每一门课都归纳总结,重点是专业课和论文.真正审核的时候倒也不怎么紧张了.

我是19日晚从上海坐火车去的北京, 票价是478.(软卧),第二天七点左右就到北京了. 当时想省钱,所以没查机票,后来得知机票能拿到的折扣价只有350(晕啊). 当然算上税和燃油的钱,再加上打出租的钱,还是火车比较便宜的,但省得很有限了. 从火车站到亮马大厦其实是很方便的(在这里我一直提倡省钱是因为在今后的申请路上,有很多意料之外的费用,现在能多省一点就多省一点,我是对经济条件有限的人而言). 从火车站出来,坐地铁环线,到东直门站下,出站后,就在东直门外大街上就有公车直接到亮马大厦的.(问一下人就可以了).很好找.

22日周一上午一早8点不到,我就到了亮马大厦,等快到11点了才轮到我.所有程序和网上其它的人说的一样. 我这里要特别说一下我审核的东西. 我刚才说了,我是学行政管理的,但给我的两张纸上一份是关于保险学的(选修课,大四上,半学期), 一份是关于日语(大二的课程,两学期). 当时我快晕了, 我毕业三年了,只有保险学作了准备(一点点),日语根本没想到会考(一点都没准备),谁会记得5年前学的东东! 硬着头皮答完保险学的东西,日语那张是空白. 15分钟后,那个领我来到笔试间的女孩子来叫我,把我带来面试室,她是面试官,还有另一个年纪较大的女士做记录.

我开始个人介绍. 没什么意外,但面试的MM显然没什么耐心听我讲什么(估计是因为时间晚了,外面还有个人等着,要耽误她们的午休时间了),含糊问了几个问题就过了,根本没时间让我发挥(拖时间). 之后问题回到我的笔试上来,问我关于日语的语法,晕! 我和她解释了,这是5年前的事,几乎不记得了.但她还是坚持让我用日语介绍一下自己! 气!!! 幸好,我还能说几句,只和她含糊了两句,怕她再追问下去, 就和她说"就这么多了,不会讲更多了".她也就此打住了.保险学的问题可烦了,她让我谈一下什么是保险,我和她说保险是风险管理的一种方法,然后她问风险管理有什么, 我答:比如建立自己的有限公司,破产的追究的是公司财产,不影响到个人财产之类的. 她好像挺笨的,没明白.我又尝试解释另一种方法,但她根本没反应. 她又让我举一个在中国保险的一个例子,这个简单就是社会保障,四金就是.之后她就让我陈述一下的论文,我先把论文的大致结构内容先和她说一下,就被她打断了.说够了,面试结束.

出来之后,让我有点郁闷的是之前几乎所有的准备都没用上.唉! 不过话说回来,审核一点也不难.自信是必须的.面对考官就当是和他们聊天.越是自然自信,越没问题.当然口语很重要.我用英语面试的. 不知道用德语用怎么样.

今天时间有限,改天会把自己准备的专业课的材料贴上来,虽说自己没用上,但难说以后同专业的人会不会用上, 毕竟审核部选题是没规律可循的。希望大家审核路上一路顺利

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以下是我准备的一些专业课的资料,限于自己的英语水平,有很多的中国式英语.不好意思! 其资有部分东西是结合我的三年工作经验而来的,不一定对大家有用. 所有这些东西在审核过程中能用上的其实很少,提供给大家,希望大家能从中选择一定的话题,临场针对性的发挥,激发某种思维而已,使大家至少能就所考专业讲点什么.希望对大家有用!

Marketing 市场营销[/COLOR]
²        Concept and Objective Surrounding of Marketing市场营销的思想观念及其客观环境
Basic concept基本概念 市场营销是企业的一种市场经营活动,即企业从满足消费需求出发,综合运用各种科学的市场营销手段,把商品和服务整体地销售给消费者,以促进并引导企业不断发展
Relation of Market市场关系图 Producer, Producing material market, Consumption market
Elements which affect the demand of products in market影响商品的市场需求量的因素: Price , Non-price like brand service (价格因素，非价格因素 品牌，服务等)
Elements cause the change of concept in marketing市场营销观念的变化: The relation of supply and demand, the status of customers, the mature law system (producing, sales, marketing) 供求关系, 消费者地位, 市场法规的完善 (生产-推销-市场营销) Before: Produce-sales-consume; After: Demand-produce-sales-consume
Concept of Marketing市场营销的理念：Customer satisfaction (CS), Target market, integration marketing, profit in the future 顾客导向，目标市场，整体营销， 利益远景
Surrounding: population, economy and nature人口环境, 经济环境, 自然环境( Ex: North Europe no demand of air-condition 北欧由于地理位置的关系, 对空调不会有需要)

²        Entire Marketing Strategy of Corporation 企业总体的市场营销战略
1. Subdivision Strategy 细分化战略
将市场划分为若干个需求大致相同的消费者群, 选定一个或几个特定的消费都群, 针对性的开发适销对路的产品,制定相应的营销战略, 满足目标市场的需求. (Coca Cola- die coke)
Procedures of Subdivision:  1.Clear target/mission, set product range 2. Measure potential customer demands 3. Analyze demands, Sampling 4. Remove the common demands, let the diversity as the base of subdivision5.conclud the characters of subdivision 6. Calculate the volume of market; evaluate the profit (ERCO-product orientation-Architectural Lighting High end product, high quality, service, consultant, expertise)  
2. Competition Strategy竞争战略
Leader市场领先者 扩大总市场,总需求, 有效防御或进攻(推出新产品,率先抢占新市场); Challenger挑战者 寻求领先者领域内未被发现消费需求,或消费者不满来进攻,.Follower 追随者 追随领先者维持市场份额,易受挑战者攻击 (低成本,高质量,新产品,重盈利而不重市场份额); Stopgap/Compensator补缺者 专门化战略 (市场,顾客, 产品,营销组织) 如芭蕾舞服装专卖店
3. Market Development Strategy市场发展战略  
现有业务的评估( BCG Evaluation Matri之后,做出发展\维持\收获\放弃战略 (问题/明星/金牛/狗)
新业务, 密集型\一体化\多样化 (denseness\integration\diversification)
Denseness develop market from one city to another, form domestic to overseas, Develop technique, new product
Integration combines the production and sales, annex competitors
Diversification Medicine Industry Company develop their business to cosmetic field, TCL television, to lighting, washer; GE Lighting, energy, media CNBC)
4. Products Diversity Strategy产品差异化战略 characters, quality, function, lasting, reliability, style, design, service.
(EX, only in the downlight category, ERCO develop general downlgith, spotlight, wallwasher, washlight, corridor light to meet different needs, to differentiate with products of other brands; for the service, we called us consultant to consultant) architecture lighting, not decoration lighting; Less is more
²        Detail Strategy in Different Marketing各种市场营销的具体策略
customer buy needs not product, Revlon says, In the factory, we produce cosmetics; In the shop, we sell hope. ERCO says, we sell light, not luminaires.
1. Product integration strategy 商品组合策略, ERCO sell products (not only one product, a combination of kinds of different product, to create one space), solution, and service. Easier and stronger than one product selling.) Develop the range of the product, or develop the product function in one range.
2. Branding strategy 品牌策略 (based on product orientation, long-term, deliver mental intention, Ex: Lexus belongs to TOYOTA, but don’t use the TOYOTA brand in order to differentiate the fix image of TOYOTA in customer mind.)
3. Pricing 价格策略1. needs, 供求关系的影响 2. Income, 收入 3. Consumption psychology 消费心理
consider production cost, selling cost, marketing cost, and brand impact, reputation.
Psychological pricing policy: Eur2, 99 will better than Eur3,0
Pricing based on the range: BMW 3, BMW 5 and BMW 7
Discount: in most case like furniture industry, distributors discount, designer discount, final customer discount. wholesaler discount, season discount, cash discount(coupon),
4. Sales channel分销渠道 producer, distributor, wholesaler, retailer, final customer (ERCO, producer, distributor, final customer) more facilities cove the world, save cost,
5. Sales promotion促销策略 advertisement, events, traning, fair, products with coupon,etc.

²        Public Relation in Marketing营销活动中的营销技术
Public relation effect on Marktetiing营销公关的作用.
1.        Helping the promotion of new products
2.        helping the production reorientation
3.        building up the interest of customers of one special products (Green product, set up the consumption habit even people need to pay more, they will feel it is worth.)
4.        Good communication with public, eliminate the problems, and mistrust.
press release, media image, 公益服务活动( City Bank, charity events), presentation
CIS (Corporate Identity System)
1.        MI (Mind Identity) - Light is the forth dimension of architecture.
2.        BI (Behavior Identity) – We sell light, not luminaires
3.        VI (Visual Identity) – Less is More. ERCO logo is a spectrum. From Name card to every office all over the world, we always keep the same visual Identity. Simple and functional. (furniture, decoration standard, company cars, laptop, desktop, office operator, etc.)

Green marketing concept Save energy and resource. Targetti use new material called policabornate to make reflector, which could recycle, and do no harm to environment.)
Target Market analysis and evaluation 目标市场的分析评估/Market Research 市场调查/Consumption habit 消费习惯
Purchasing power 购买力/Product orientation 产品定位/Market share 市场份额
Abraham H. Maslow
生理需要 安全需要 社交(归属)需要 尊重需要 自我实现需要

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Public Administration[/SIZE][/COLOR]
²        General concept of public administration
国家行政机构依法管理社会公共事务的有效活动
The effective activities of government administration organization managing social public affairs
Function: 1.Management 2.Service (park, hospital, library etc.) 3.Protection (protect citizen’s property, police the area, protect the nature source) 4.Support (ex. National industry, like high tariff, permit of market, poverty, the unemployed, )
Principle: 1.Obey the law 2.Serve for the public 3.Be effective 4.Take the responsibility
Theory of Western Country: 1. Classical  Max Weber, “合理性”(rationality)“合法性”(legitimacy) a. 魅力权威 Charisma b. 传统权威tradition c.合理合法权威Taylor, scientific management (working standard / time control)
Public Administration in China during the transition: 1.Government orientation 2.Official 3.Build up and renovate the system
²        Administration organization 行政组织 (Government)
The main body of the activity of public administration includes target, principle, type, structure, system, dynamic progress, non-official organ characters and function.
MBO (management of Object)
²        Administration lead 行政领导
Related to the usage of power; how to achieve the aim of organization (order, direct, adjust the activities)
Successful leader
Leader’s characteristic; Highly responsible (conscientious); Strong capability in organization and communication.
Failure in Lead
Structure failure(体制的失败), capability failure(能力的失败), character failure(性格的失败); life failure(人生的失败)

²        Administration decision-making 行政决策
Information collection, plans preparation, option selection, make decision, plan execution, feedback
Trend of administration decision-making
Democratization 民主化; Individual making to group making; be scientific

²        Administration communication 行政沟通
²        Administration psychology 行政心理
Administrate individuals’ psychology, mental needs, and motivation of working, activation skills, and cognition by others
Direct the administration management in personnel stuff. Promotion, training, evaluation, discipline.
²        Administration supervision 行政监督
Survey the execution of administrative activities. Adjust the plan in time, and provide protection. Avoid corruption.
²        Administration management 机关管理 / Personnel administration 人事行政取 / Finance administration 财务行政 / Administration legislation 行政立法 / Administration culture 行政文化
²        Administration development行政发展
西方国家引入市场管理机制, 借用企业的管理模式使政府管理更高效. 人员专业化程度提高,工厂压缩人事开支
中国: 政企分开, 政府调控职能更新, 完善公务员制度, 法制化,科学化, 人员专业化,知识化

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Administrative Science管理学[/SIZE] [/COLOR]
管理和管理人员[/SIZE]
1.        管理的职能 Administrative Function
Plan 计划 决策行动过程 决定目标并制定达到目标的方案 set the target, make the plan to achieve it, Decision-making
Organize 组织 协调各种资源和活动 (人力资源, 金融资源, 物质资源,信息情报资源) collect and coordinate all kinds of resources (HR, financial resource, material resources, information resources)
Lead 领导指挥 对职工的管理和动机的诱导 manage and motivate employees
Control and survey控制 追踪检查 (对预期所要达到的目标的考查,如对销售人员的每月业绩评估 The evaluation to sales for every month achievement, budget control, activities control)
成功的管理包含着效率和效益(Efficiency and Effectiveness)两个方面
2.        管理人员的作用
Interpersonal relationship 人际关系( Attend conference, charity even, employee election 参加活动,选拔人才,联络);  Marketing Events ex, ERCO Lighting Fair
Information collection 信息情报方面的作用 have chances to meet with important people
决策方面的作用(decision making, trouble shooting, resource manipulating, negotiation)
3.        管理技能 Administrative Skill
技术技能 Expertise
人际关系技能 interpersonal skills
概念形成技能 skills of thinking from abstract to concrete
诊断技能 diagnose ( trouble shooting)
分析技能 analyzing skills

管理理论的发展 [/SIZE]
古典科学管理学派 如何提高工人的工作效率和有关具体方法 Frederick W. Taylor (How to improve worker working efficiency and detailed solution)
马克斯·韦伯(Max Weber), 1.魅力权威 Charisma 2.传统权威3. 合理合法权威Rationality and Legitimacy
行为科学管理 使工人得到满意才能促使他的表现好。霍桑试验(The Hawthorne Studies) Workers’ satisfaction

组织环境 Environment [/SIZE]
一般环境 经济, 技术, 社会文化, 政治法律, 国际环境
任务环境 竞争者, 顾客, 供应者, 法律和政府管理部门, 工会
内部环境 组织内部人员所表现出来的精神, 作风和特点

组织目标 Target[/SIZE]
Peter Drucker’s advised: successful enterprises has its own target in marketing, production (improvement in quality and quantities), inventions (technique innovation), material and finance (investment), human resource, profit, personnel administration, training and promotion, employee behavior, and social responsibilities.
Management by Objectives (MBO) 目标管理 focus on result (compare with the procedure management) more effective an efficient
Motivate employees; improve the cooperation and communication between different departments.
Target has 5 basic respects: aim, mission, factors of environment, concept of value, experience.目标本身包含5方面含义:目的,任务,环境因素,价值观念和经验.有目标才能制定战略计划,行动计划
决策 Decision-Making
Definition: The progress of making decision from 2 or more than 2 options
Information collection, plans preparation, option selection, make decision, plan execution, feedback

组织结构 Organization Structure [/SIZE]
平式结构Horizontal和直式结构 Vertical
Horizontal Structure: Simple, direct, not many administrative people, no complicated hierarchy
Vertical Structure; special person takes responsibility, easy to control the structure, cannot get the feedback from low class, many administrative people, large expense

领导 Leader[/SIZE]
合法的权力, 决定奖励报酬的权力, 强制性权力, 领导人的个人魅力Charisma, 专家性的权力
Legal power, power of offering salary and bonus, imperative power, self-charm, power of expertise
对职工的激励 motivation to employees[/SIZE]
Aim: make employee active and creative,
Income, Satisfaction, self-value
经济收入, 社会方面的需求和需满足的愿望, 自身价值
Abraham Maslow  需要层次论[/SIZE]
1.生理需要Physiological Needs (warmth, shelter, food)  2.安全需要 Security Needs (protection from danger) 3.归属需要(友谊,感情) Social Needs (love, friendship, comradeship) 4.地位或受人尊敬的需要Ego Needs (self respect, personal worth, autonomy) 5.自我实现的需要Self Actualization Needs (full potential)s

企业文化[/SIZE][/COLOR]
重视创设企业的文化氛围, 培养员工的共同价值观念, 强化企业对职工的凝聚力,重视人的作用. Concentrate on bring up corporation culture, employees’ common value conception, condenses of organization, think much of people effect.
理论源于美国, 实践根在日本, 价值观是核心
表层的物质文化Superficial Object culture: 全球办公室的统一装修, 产品设计, 目录设计
浅层的行为文化pre-primary activity culture: Lighting fair, marketing events, consultant to consultant
中层的制度文化intermediate system culture: Structure, Regulation (ERCO China office like a family)
深层的精神文化 Advanced mental culture : We make light work, Light factory (not lighting factory, luminaire factory)
Elements of corporation culture: 企业文化构成要素
企业环境Environment of corporation (Germany, preciseness), people in the organ (architects and designers)
价值观 We make light work, the best and the top
英雄人物: the founder of ERCO
文化仪式: opening ceremony, birthday greeting, welcome ceremony(family)
文化网络: intranet, press release

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An Introduction To Civil Servant 国家公务员制度[/SIZE][/COLOR]
Political system innovation is an inevitable trend in social economy development.
The personnel system innovation is the core of the political system innovation. Setting up national civil servant system is pivotal part in personnel system innovation.
Target: make clear function, be effective and efficient, update the old concept, be flexible when face different situation. Set up a Chinese distinctive personnel system of Civil Servant. (To solve problem: bureaucratism, legal system and human rights, the relation of Communist Party and Government, Releasing rights to enterprises, condensation of institution, improve working efficiency, recruiting person with abilities)
The whole economic system is change from planned economy (rational economy) to market economy. (Enterprises don’t belong to government only. They will take responsibility of payoff and deficit by themselves instead of relying on government.)
Civilian consists of two different parts: 1.政务类 (Prime Minister, Major)  2.业务类
The shortage in personnel system (cadre system, civilian system): P7, P11, P23
In Germany, Kader, Beamter, Angestellte, Funktionär
职位分类制起源于美国 GS/CPC 职位, 职系, 职组, 职门, 职级, 职等, 形成统一标准, 有效(考核)管理
考选制度,源于中国:公开考试,择优录取(公开,平等,竞争原则)
考核标准:品德, 能力, 态度, 成绩
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Chinese system and that of Western countries?
中国与西方国家人事管理制度利弊: P239?
Disadvantage of the old Chinese system:
-        communist party controls everything, there is no clearly defined management system, no defined way how to measure performance, the system does not distinguish between different types of positions, same management model as in communist party used
-        the people’s income and life only depends on their level in the hierarchy, thus they will be more motivated to try to get up in the hierarchy than to do their job
-        This lack of motivation and a very immature legislation system is a good platform for corruption
1.部外制 Advantage a. The whole personnel system is isolated from the administration system. Parties or officers cannot control the system. Be neutral and fair when selecting civil servants. B. The system is more effective and efficient in execution and recruiting.
Disadvantage: A. Personnel system cannot be completely separated; it will always be affected by administration system, as there is always an overlap between the functions of both systems. B. If the systems are fully separated, the administrative system might not fully understand the needs of the legislative system c. has no uniform evaluation standard. No  
2. 部内制与部外制相反.
3. 部内制与部外制兼有
4. 中国特色的公务员制度
政企分开, 公务员公开招聘,参加考试,竞争上岗. 公开,公正,公平, 择优录取. 引用企业管理机制Management by Object, 调动积极性. (法制不健全,导致腐败现象依然严重, corruption, authority of government政企分开一时难以完全实现, 政府的工作效率的提高有待时日people get use to low effect disengaged, 人员的教育程度etc.)

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Public Relations 公共关系[/COLOR][/SIZE]
PUBLIC RELATIONS is a form of communication primarily directed toward gaining public understanding and acceptance. Public relations usually deals with issues rather than products or services, and is used to build goodwill with public or employees. Ex: employee training, support of charitable events, or a news release about some positive community participation. P6
Three elements: social organ (ex. company), public, information communication.
Ivy Lee – the father of public relations
Function of public relations: 1. Getting the information 收集信息2.Giving the advise and consulting, 建议咨询3.Taking part in decision-making,参与决策者4.Coordinating and communication,协调沟通 5.Planning events,策划专题 6. Taking part in routine working.渗透日常事务活动
Type of public relations: corporation, commercial service industry, government, social organs, towards employees; towards customers, towards media, towards communities, towards competitors, towards stockholders, and international relations.
Practice of public relations: 1 investigation in advance 前期调查2. Speech communication (everyday reception, Interview新闻发布, communicating meeting, negotiation, persuasion) 3.Literal communication(文字传播) (press release, advertising brochure, official documents) 4.Events communication (sales promotion, showcase, exhibition, show) 5.Multi-functinal communication (advertising event, media issues, public charitable events, patron, sponsor sports competition)

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Linguistics On The Public Relations 公关语言学[/COLOR][/SIZE]
Linguistics is a kind of art. Linguistics on the public relations is to teach us how to use oral and written language skills when we face the public. It teaches us how to communicate with others. (Ex. Negotiation, events, international affairs).
Be familiar with the Chinese culture. It is quite useful when you introduce something at the same time you could quote culture story into the conversation. On the other hand, if we are familiar with the culture difference between east and west, it is quite useful to avoid misunderstand and confusion.
Language Art in sociality, conversation via the phone, reply the questions in interviews1, negotiation, and presentation.
Introduction: 1. Clear in name, position 2. Introduce the young to the old, men to women, lower position to higher position. 3.passional 4. Polite
Negotiation: 1.Clear and sincere start speech 2.Observe the other side’s bottom-line or deadline. 3. Imply at the proper time 4. Steady and confident 5. Flexible and concessive(让步的)
Answering the question: 1. Be honest and open 2.reject straightforward 3. Avoid the conflict skillfully (who is your enemy? Enemy is those who will press you, squash you, stop your development, and isolate you from others.)  4.invalid answer (1. Journalist: “how many pandas do you prepare for Olympic game? “ The Japanese team leader said” the same quantity of the possible quantity of gold plates”. 2. Where is the sun? “ In the sky”)

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Contract Law 合同法[/SIZE][/COLOR]
订立合同的法定条Condition:当事人合格(qualified parties),当事人意思表示真实一致(present same meaning of the object),合同内容合法(legal content),合同形式合法(legal form).
合同的内容前提Prerequisites: certain content内容必须确定(不引起异议), executable content内容必须可能(可执行), Legal合法,
合同的内容包括Content: 当事人双方的名称及地址(Names and addresses of Parties),标的(Object),数量(Quantity),质量(Quality), 价格(Price), 履约时间(Date of delivery),地点(Destination),方式(way of delivery), 违约责任(Responsibility of breach),解决争议的办法(Solution of conflict).
合同的形式Forms: 口头(Oral), 书面(Written),其他(公证)(Notarization)
合同订立的程序Procedure:要约(Invitation)+承诺(Acceptance)
合同成立existence: 承诺生效时(书面合同,双方当事人签字或盖章时) the date when the acceptance is valid (written contract, both of the parties make the signature and company stamps)
缔约过失责任: 在缔结合同过程中,基于其主观过错而违反了缔约法定义务,致使所欲订立的合同未能成立或未能生效或全部或部分无效,并给对方当事人造成损失的,应依法承担的法律责任
合同生效Valid:合同合法并产生法律效力 (contract is legal and has force adeffect)
合同生效时间Date of Valid: 1.一般情况下合同成立时existence of contract ,2.需依照法律规定办法有手续的,办完了才生效valid as all procedures are made ruled by law3.合同中规定的生效日生效the valid date set by contract 4.合同规定的生效条件满足时生效 the valid condition set by contract
无效合同Invalid contract:1.欺诈(cheating)2.恶意串通,损害国家,集体,第三人利益3.非法illegal 4.损害公共利益.(无效合同自始无法律约束力) do harm to society
可变更可撤消合同 modifiable and reversible contract:1.对合同的重大误解(标的物种,质量,数量等)2.订合同时,显失公平(利用一方无经验,明显违反公平,等价有偿原则),3.欺诈
合同履行原则Principle of execution: 实际履行原则(依照标的,不用其它代替) execute the contract according to object, cannot be replaceable , 适当履行原则(标的,质量,数量正确),协作履行原则(积极配合) correct object , quality, quantity, cooperation

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Administrative Law and Administrative Litigation 行政法与行政诉讼法[/COLOR][/SIZE]
Administrative Law行政法是调整因行政主体行使行政职权而形成的特定社会关系的法律规范的总称 the law to adjust the special social relation caused by administrative main body executing  the administrative power
Administrative Subject行政主体是指参加行政法律关系,依法拥有行政职权,能以自己的名义行使行政职权,并能独立地为自己行使行政职权的行为产生的后果承担相应法律责任的国家机关或社会组织. The national or social organization taking part in administrative legal relation, having administration authority, executing administrative authority, taking legal responsibilities of the results of execution.
Administrative Activities 1. Activities of administrative subject(行政主体的行为) 2.Activities of using administrative power(行使行政职权的行为) 3. 具有行政法律意义,对外产生行政法律效果的行为 (have law meaning, bring law effect) 4.目的是实现国家行政管理目标 (aim: To achieve national management)
Administrative Reconsideration 行政复议是指公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益,依法向上级行政机关提出申请,由受理申请的行政机关对具体行政行为依法进行审查并作出处理决定的活动. Citizen, corporation or other organizations consider the administrative activities infract their legal equity, applying for the investigation and processing from higher administrative government.
Administrative Litigation行政诉讼主要解决行政机关作出的具体行政行为的合法性问题(原告只能是公民、法人或其他组织,被告只能是行政机关或法律法规授权的组织) 1990年10月1日施行 Deal with the legal or illegal problems of activities of administrative organizations  
行政诉讼受理范围: 1.不服行政处罚2.不服行政强制措施3.认为行政机关侵犯法律规定的经营自主权4.对行政机关拒绝颁发许可证和执照或都不予答复5.申请行政机关履行法定职责而被拒绝或者不予答复6.认为行政机关没有依法发给抚恤金7.认为行政机关违法要求履行义务8.认为行政机关侵犯其他人身权、财产权.
上诉期限:15天-判决 10天-裁定

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Principle of Accounting 会计学原理 accountancy[/COLOR][/SIZE]
反映与监督功能(Reflect and supervise economic activities)
Accounting year(fiscal year)会计年度: 1月1日—12月31日
会计分录三要素: 会计科目(Account) ,记账符号(Account mark),变动金额(amount)
accounting elements六要素: 资产Assets,负债Liability,所有者权益equity ,收入revenue ,费用expenses和利润Profit
资产=负债+所有者权益+利润Profit (收入revenue -费用 expense)
Assets=Liability + owner’s equity or Assets =Equities
有借必有贷,借贷必相等
增加记借方, 减少记贷方: 资产类, 支出类账户(费用,成本账户)
增加记贷方,减少记借方: 负债类, 所有者权益类(proprietor rights and interest), 收入类账户(收入,成果账户)
accounting entry 会计分录
accounting document 会计凭证
Creditors 应付账款
Debtors应收账款
Balance of account 账户余额
Debit 借方 Debit Balance 借方余额
Credit 贷方 Credit Balance 贷方余额
Balance sheet 资产负债表

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Social Survey 社会调查[/SIZE][/COLOR]
Sampling 抽样
Questionary 问卷调查法
Field research 实地研究
Observation 观察法
Documentary analysis 文献资料分析法
Interview 访问法
Phone call 电话调查

结论:
中国城镇的基础教育状况好于农村
中国男性接受基础教育的状况好于女性
在城镇, 女性与男性接受基础教育的状况相似
在农村, 女性接受基础教育的状况不仅比农村的男性差,而且比城镇的女性差

调查设计有问题  没有
资料有问题      有, 人数没到全, 缺4个城镇女生,2个农村女生
分析有问题    一个班不能代表全中国的状况
结论有问题    推论错误,抽样误差,结论错误

Before[/COLOR] 表 1-1 某课堂学生户籍类型和性别调查分组表
        男生        女生        合计       
城镇        10        9        19       
农村        9        7        16       
合计        19        16        35       
资料来源: XX大学社会学系课堂调查, 2001年10月

After[/COLOR]          
男生        女生        合计
城镇        10        13        19
农村        9        9        16
合计        19        22        35

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Insurance 保险学[/SIZE][/COLOR]
风险 Risk & Venture ( has objectivity, cause loss, uncertainty)
Risk management 风险管理
Basic means: risk avoidance (回避风险), loss control(损失控制), loss financing (损失融资, 包括风险自留 risk retention, 风险转移 risk transfer)
Risk transfer includes corporation organization(公司组织), contract(合同安排), bailment(委托保管), contract of suretyship(担保合同), 套期保值, insurance(购买保险).
Personal insurance 人身保险
Property insurance 财产保险
Liability insurance 责任保险
保险合同的主体
1.        保险合同的当事人: Insurer(保险人), Applicant(投保人)
2.        保险合同的关系人: Insured(被保险人), Policyowner/Policyholder(保单所有人), Beneficiary(受益人, 有权处理保单,如变更受益人).
3.        保险合同的基本条款: a. Name and address of Insurer and applicant b. Object of insurance c. amount of insurance d. Insurance fee e. duration of insurance

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Advertising 广告学[/COLOR][/SIZE]
Convincing, spreading, promotion,
Advertising is an investment for attaining maximum income by spending minimum investment.
Two elements of forming advertising:
Market economy causing competition 2. Media spreading (popularization) consider: no modern technology, no advertising.
The promotion aim of advertising is products, service, and concept. (concept like: impossible is nothing, Light is the forth dimension of architecture.)
Notice of advertising: time (duration, opportunity), area(区域), form(形式 TV, press release), object(对象)
Advertising and CI (corporation identity) Branding (Malaysia, the first country in Asia make advertising for the country)
McDonald (amusement park, sending toys etc.)
The forming of advertising market:
Social prosperity, mode of daily life, consumption habit, value of commodities (added value, design, service), CS (customer satisfaction)

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楼上的谢谢了! 但除了你好像没人顶..... :chijing:

alicia_83

感谢~~~

cecie13

:p 好的！谢谢Lovezg

peryly

版主，你太棒了！真不知道怎么感谢呢！！ :hua:

伙伴主人

支持一下~~ :hua:  :hua:

peryly

so good, thx so much!!!!!!!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :hua:

121ice

danke

spacefly

赞啊

zhangting84125

谢谢楼主啊！

我今天刚被通知14号去面试！

yuanjackson

Vielen Dank!!

QQQDB

太感谢了~~!很多都很有用~~~
还有谁是学行政管理的吗?
加我吧,23106266
大家讨论一下~
我们这个专业的太少了

nina1226

太强了~赞一个!