求一些关于德国经济的英文文章，救命啊

葱绿玉髓

求一些关于德国经济的英文文章，非专业的也行，专业的也行，就是别太专业了。本来想去google找，可发现自己的英文烂得实在是可以。没办法，我需要20页b5的资料呢，找到多少算多少了，哪位哥哥、姐姐帮帮忙？

lyyyyy

你得有个方向啊，有关那个方面的。否则，有关经济的文章估计太多了。

葱绿玉髓

随便什么都行，只是要一些概况一类的东西。

lyyyyy

Germany’s economic development was based on an alliance of industrial business people with the Prussian aristocracy who controlled much of the land. It emphasized the production of coal and steel, machines and machine tools, chemicals, electronic equipment, ships, and, later, motor vehicles. Well-organized business, labor, and farm associations in league with the government produced a distinctive “organized capitalism,” different from the less regulated capitalism of Britain and the United States. This strong economy carried the country into two world wars and, despite Allied bombing from 1942 to 1945, survived largely intact. After World War II ended in 1945, the Western powers saw the need to build up European economies in order to resist the threatened encroachment of the Soviet Union and Communism. To this end, the U.S. government in 1947 initiated the European Recovery Program, commonly called the Marshall Plan, which offered generous investment loans to all European countries that had been devastated by the war. Under the stewardship of economics minister Ludwig Erhard, the Marshall Plan helped launch a 20-year economic expansion in West Germany that raised living standards and industrial production far above prewar levels.

West Germany's economic achievement was impressive; the gross national product (GNP) rose by 8 percent per year from 1951 to 1961, or at a per capita rate double that of Britain or the United States and nearly double that of France. At the same time exports trebled. This period of exceptional growth was undoubtedly an outstanding event in the economic history of both West Germany and Europe. Yet the postwar advance of the West German economy did not follow an unbroken line; there were occasional checks, as, for example, the one following the oil crisis of 1973–74. However, the upward trend was always resumed. At the moment of economic unification on July 1, 1990, the economy was riding high on a cycle of business expansion that had lasted since the early 1980s. West Germany's gross domestic product (GDP) had increased at current prices by more than 70 percent since 1983; it was by far the highest of all the 12 EC countries, constituting one-quarter of the community's total. The country ranked fourth in the world for GDP, following the United States, Japan, and the U.S.S.R., and it was a leader in world trade. All this was achieved while maintaining the customarily low rate of inflation. West Germany was thus well prepared to sustain the economic shocks of unification with the much weaker economy of former East Germany, even though these proved to be considerably more severe than anticipated.

Germany possesses the world's third most technologically powerful economy after the US and Japan, but structural market rigidities - including the substantial non-wage costs of hiring new workers - have made unemployment a long-term, not just a cyclical, problem. Germany's aging population, combined with high unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy remains a costly long-term problem, with annual transfers from western Germany amounting to roughly $70 billion. Growth picked up to 3% in 2000, largely due to recovering global demand; newly passed business and income tax cuts are expected to keep growth strong in 2001. Corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are transforming the German economy to meet the challenges of European economic integration and globalization in general.

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Economy—overview: Germany possesses the world's third most powerful economy, with its capitalist market system tempered by generous welfare benefits. On 1 January 1999, Germany and 10 other European Union countries launched the European Monetary Union (EMU) by permanently fixing their bilateral exchange rates and giving the new European Central Bank control over the zone's monetary policy. Germans expect to have the new European currency, the euro, in pocket by 2002. Domestic demand contributed to a moderate economic upswing in early 1998, although unemployment remains high. Job-creation measures have helped superficially, but structural rigidities—like high wages and costly benefits—make unemployment a long-term, not just a cyclical, problem. Although minimally affected by the Asian crisis in 1998, Germany revised its 1999 forecast downward at the beginning of the year to reflect anticipated effects from the global economic slowdown. Over the long term, Germany faces budgetary problems—lower tax revenues and higher pension outlays—as its population ages. Meanwhile, the German nation continues to wrestle with the integration of eastern Germany, whose adjustment may take decades to complete despite annual transfers from the west of roughly $100 billion a year.

GDP: purchasing power parity—$1.813 trillion (1998 est.)

GDP—real growth rate: 2.7% (1998 est.)

GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$22,100 (1998 est.)

GDP—composition by sector:
agriculture: 1.1%
industry: 33.1%
services: 65.8% (1998)

Population below poverty line: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.9% (1998 est.)

Labor force: 38.2 million (1998)

Labor force—by occupation: industry 33.7%, agriculture 2.7%, services 63.6% (1998)

Unemployment rate: 10.6% (1998 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $977 billion
expenditures: $1.024 trillion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)

Industries: western: among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; eastern: metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining

Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1998)

Electricity—production: 515.058 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity—production by source:
fossil fuel: 66.23%
hydro: 3.5%
nuclear: 29.81%
other: 0.46% (1996)

Electricity—consumption: 509.458 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity—exports: 42.5 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity—imports: 36.9 billion kWh (1996)

Agriculture—products: western—potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry; eastern—wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; pork, beef, chickens, milk, hides

Exports: $510 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Exports—commodities: machinery 31%, vehicles 17%, chemicals 13%, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles (1997)

Exports—partners: EU 55.5% (France 10.7%, UK 8.5%, Italy 7.4%, Netherlands 7.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 5.8%), US 8.6%, Japan 2.3% (1997 est.)

Imports: $426 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Imports—commodities: machinery 22%, vehicles 10%, chemicals 9%, foodstuffs 8%, textiles, metals (1997)

Imports—partners: EU 54.3% (France 10.5%, Netherlands 8.5%, Italy 7.8%, UK 7.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 6.2%), US 7.7%, Japan 4.9% (1997)

Debt—external: $NA

Economic aid—donor: ODA, $7.5 billion (1995)

Currency: 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige

Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1—1.69 (January 1999), 1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 1.95583 deutsche marks per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Fiscal year: calendar year

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Germany's economy has shrunk slightly in the July to September quarter, sparking fears of an all-out recession.
The country's economic output, or GDP, contracted by 0.1% in the quarter, the Federal Statistics Office said.



In 2002 economic forces of buoyancy should win the upper hand

Finance ministry statement  
The figure, which was worse than analysts had predicted, followed a stagnant performance in the previous quarter, leaving Germany within a hair's breadth of a technical recession - defined as two successive quarters of negative growth.

On an annual basis, GDP rose 0.3% in the July to September period, the weakest performance since early 1997.

The release of the data followed a report revealing a drop in German business sentiment, and warnings from Finance Minister Hans Eichel that economic activity would remain subdued until next spring.

Risks mount

Germany's finance ministry said the data indicated that economic risks had increased.

"However, economic weakness should be overcome soon," the ministry said in a statement.

"In 2002 economic forces of buoyancy should win the upper hand."

The ministry pinned the blame for the contraction on increased energy prices and food costs.

Opinion is still mixed on whether Germany will topple into a prolonged slump.

Some analysts forecast a mild rebound later in the year, driven largely by consumer spending.

"I think private consumption will be stronger in [the fourth quarter] because consumers will move forward purchasing ahead of the euro changeover," said Ulla Kochwasser from IBJ Deutschland.

Troubles spread

Germany's stagnation has worrying implications for the whole of Europe.

The German economy accounts for more than one-third of total eurozone output, and the latest figures indicate that it is performing much worse than the wider European average.

While countries such as France and Italy have so far avoided the worst effects of the post-attacks slowdown, Germany's possible slide into recession is likely to drag the whole region down.

Germany's economic woes have heightened calls for action from the German government.

But Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder has stoutly resisted demands for an economic stimulus package.

Many other governments - notably the US - have launched tax and spending packages in an effort to encourage growth.

lyyyyy

前两篇是经济总述，后一篇是有关经济萎缩的。

葱绿玉髓

不知该说点什么好，非常谢谢，好人啊……

zxding

牛人
还是好人多啊  ：）

Daniela

楼主要英文文章干吗？作业？？