|
|
楼主 |
发表于 2004-9-24 15:39:00
|
显示全部楼层
我的复习资料，环境工程专业的可能用得上。【英语】
化学工程基础* Basic Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering
This course focuses on the processes and facilities used for the separation and processing of waste materials. For students major in EE, this course mainly discuss four processes—Heat Transfer, Gas Absorption, Liquid Rectification and Extraction.
Do you drink wine? Let’s take the rectification of wine for an example; this process follows two basic principles. One is the conservation of materials and another is the conservation of energy. The first principle is easy to understand. In simple words, it means that how many materials you pump in, how many materials shall flow out. (Draw a tower, two equations: F=D+W, F*xf=D*xd+W*xf) Compared to the first principle, materials are substituted by energy in the latter principle. Energy, in the form of heat, can neither be created nor be diminished. How much heat you pump in the tower, how much gets out. (V, L, V’, L’, F) If the F flow is preheated over a boiling point, the extra heat will make more L’ turn into V, thus, there is more V and more L in the upper part of the tower. It must be like this. In this process, you use more energy to heat the F in advance, so you get paid as there is more D flowing out. However, more D doesn’t mean more wine, for the xd decreases rapidly. That’ the conservation law. Everything is fair in the world.
给水处理* Water Supply Treatment
The main idea of this course is to tell you how the tap water is made. The whole process includes four steps, mixture & flocculation, deposition, filtration and sterilization.
Do you know where Shanghai’s tap water comes from? Nowadays Shanghai has two main water sources. One is the upper part of Huangpu River, and another is the Yangtze River. But water quality from both sources is not very satisfactory. In order to insure the outflow quality, water -making factories have to increase the amount of chlorine in the sterilization of water. That’s why some people complain that the tap water in Shanghai tastes like having bleaching powder in it. Twenty years ago, experts may tell you just to boil the water before drinking, but in the late 1990’s, people found that chlorine may react with some pollutants in the water and form some poisonous substances. So, in my opinion, you can use tap water to wash cloth and take shower, but don’t drink it. Just buy purified water, it is really worth.
固体废弃物处理* Solid Waste Management
There are three major meathods to deal with the MSW(Municipal Solid Waste): compost, sanatory landfill and incineration. Compost is the cheapest and most environment-friendly way. When composting, you pile up organic wastes in a barrel like storehouse. (with picture) In this house, MSW is filled in from the top of the house, and in the bottom, there are special machines to grasp the residue out of the house. The residence time is about 8~12 days. In the house, bacterias will feed on the organics in the MSW. After this process, MSW will be turned into high-quality fertilizer. To obtain qualified products, you have to control one improtant parameter, which is temperature. Generally, the temperature in the house shall be above 50. With out this condition, bacteria will not work properly. It’s easy to be achieved in South China, but in the north part that may be a problem.
环境工程专业英语* Professional English for Environmental Engineering
In this course we have to read professional materials in English. Of course, all materials are quoted passages in the professional text books. The course is boring but the reading materials is interesting.
排水管网课程设计* Water Collection System Design/
Wasserentsorgungsprojekt
This is a design course. Your task is to design a Water Collection System for a small town. (Picture of the town). The most tedious work is to calculate which kind of drainpipe you need. First, you get to measure how many squaremeters in each block. Then, according to how many people in the block and how much water used each person, you get the exact volume of water in the pipe. According to the equation(v=R2/3i1/2/n, Q=S*v), you choose one kind of pipe, and check if it is suitable. Using too big pipes is a waste, and too small ones may not able to deeal with the large amout of water. So, arranging the whole pipe system is as difficult as designing a building. You need no only knowledge, but sometimes sense of art to do it.
这里加一个例子，关于孤岛新城。
Activated –sludge process 活性污泥法
Sequencing batch reactor 序批式生物反应池
Tricling filter 生物滤池
Roughing filter 生物接触氧化
Rotationg biological contactor生物转盘
Packed-bed reactors 流化床反应器
工程噪声控制* Noise Control Engineering
You learn the charactaristic of sound travelling and engineering methods to control noise in this course.
There is an important equation to describe the travelling of sound. (Li=Lw-20lgr-11)This equation indicates that in a free sound field, when distance from the sound source to the reciever doubles, the SPL(Sound Pressure Level) decreases 6 decibells. Another equation is to reflect the condition in which several sound influences at one point. ( According to this equation, when one sound’s SPL is more than 10 decibells, the lighter sound’s contribution to the total SPL is so little that can be negelected.
Talking of methods to control noise, I would like to take a room for example. If there is a loud noise outside, how can we control it? Fist of all, the quality of the room is very important. I mean, the thicker the wall is, the better it can insulate the noise. The second fact that always ignored by people is the windows and doors. If using double-layer windows, the noise in the room will decrease significantly. The last approach we can do is about the sound source. Some sound sources not only spread sound weaves into the air, but creat violent shakes spreading through the construction. (Picture)Now your neighbor buy a new loudspeaker. It is so loud that you can feel your own floor is shaking! This time you’d better suggest him put soft materials under the speaker. They can absorb the energy of shak, thus lower the noise in your room.
纪录片欣赏* Documentary Film Appreciation
The most important thing of documentary Film is recording everything objectivly. I really appreciate a german film “One day in September”, which tell the whole process of Muenchen Hostage Event. What I respect is that the director interview every participator, the wife of an Isarel Athlete, the negotiant, the Isarel secret agent the and most important, the hijacker. All of them told their own stories, and in this way, they told us the the reality of the event. This is the real essence of the documentory film. Compared to this one, the American film is not documentary enough I think. You’ve seen the Farenheit 911? I feel it doesn’t really reveal the whole story. It just stand on the position of Americans to see the event. I don’t like that.
证券市场与证券法* Securities Market and Laws
This course help you understand what is happening in the security market. I think this course really broadened my views about the money. I got to know that money doesn’t mean anything until they are used a capital…
拨款 appropriate fund
基金 fund trust
上市公司 listing cooperation
有价证券 securities
存款 deposite
证券交易所 Stock Exchange
债券 bond
发行 issue
制度经济论* System Economic Theory/Theorie der Systemwirtschaft
Economic development is deeply influenced by the institutional arrangement of our country. For example, you know, in china’s Jiangsu Province, there are many small paper-making factories. These factories pour million tons of waste water into the Huai River, The river is so severely polluted that the inhabitants around it can hardly use the river water. Since ten years ago, Chinese Central government has made decitions to shut up thsese factories. But till now, factories are still running, river is still that poisonous. People may ask, why local government doesn’t make them shut? The problem seems simple, but actually it doesn’t. I don’t know wheather you are familiar with the chinese government stuctrue. The local government and central government have a financial budget arrangement. That is, local governments are responsible of collecting tax, and central gov take about 70% of the tax, and local ones take the rest. So, if local ones want to have more money in control, the only way is to increase the income (or ta . To locals, one day the paper-making factories run, one day they get their income. In a result, local government will not really make these factories shut.
You may ask, why local people don’t complain? Why local parliaments don’t stop these activities? I think this is another limitation of our social system. You know, in China, we have government, court and parliament. But our systems are not like Americans’ system. The judges in the court of China is appointed by the government. Both courts and parliaments are financed by the government. That means, government provide the money to maintain the court and parliament. As a result, both of them can not really limit the government’s behavior. This is a big disadvantage of our system. Of course, this system has its advantage, ……
环境监测* Environmental Monitoring/Umweltueberwachung
If you want to describ the enviromental conditions scientifically, you may use a series of parameters. About water quality, they may be BOD, COD and TOC. Dealing with air quality, may be PM10, PM5 or odor. This course is to tell you how to measure these parameters and make your measurement best reflect the true condition of the environment.
When monitoring a river’s water quality, (Picture)You have to set up sampling points both at the incoming and outgoing places. If possible, a reference point is preferred. Reference point shall reflect the water quality in nature condition before disturbed by human activities. Besides these, if the river is influenced by tide, water samples shall be taken both when the tide is high and low. When the water volume fluctuates according to the season, samples shall be taken both in high and low water-level periods.
给水排水工程结构* Structure of Water Supply & Collection Engineering
Struktur des Projekts fuer Wasserversorgung und entsorgung
梁 gerder
柱子 pillar
钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete
钢筋 reinforced steel bar
混凝土 concrete
凝固 concreting
压力 pressure
拉力 pull
承载力 load
裂缝 cranny
收缩 shrink(v.), shrinkage(n.)
弯矩 torque(read like talk)/torsion
剪力 shearing force
工程力学* Engineering Mechanics/Technishce Mechanik
This course is also called material mechanics, which deals with the characteristics of material under all kinds of pressures.
面积 acreage[‘eikeridg] 钢 steel 内力 internal force
应力 stress 应变 strain [strein] A deformation produced by stress.
弹性 elasticity [ilas’tisiti] 弹性阶段 streching period 塑性阶段 pliable period
胡克定律： 其中，σ是应力，就是N/A ε是应变，就是Δl/l
弯曲 bend/crook(v.)
结构力学* Structure Statics/Baustatik
Structure Mechanic concerns how to convert load to internal forces and torsions
跨中弯距 内力分布
均布荷载
集中荷载
集中弯矩
水力学与水泵* Hydraulics & Water Pump/Hydraulik und Wasserpumpe
This is the constant energy principle, commonly known as Bernoulli’s Theorem, which if written between any two points in a system is:
Z1+P1/W+V12/2g=Z2+P2/W+V22/2g
This equation holds for an ideal fluid, in which no losses occur. In real system, however, the flow of a fluid is always accompanied by a loss of energy. Taking into account losses occurring in any system between two points, the equation is:
Z1+P1/W+V12/2g=Z2+P2/W+V22/2g+hl
In which hl represents the energy losses within the system.
The energy loss may occur in many places in a system, such as valve, bends and sudden changes in pipe diameter. One of the major losses of energy is the friction between the moving fluid and the pipe wall.
Pumps are mechanical devices for converting other forms of energy to hydraulic energy. When interposed in a pipe, they add energy to the liquid passing through the pipes.
The useful work done by a pump is the product of the weight of liquid pumped, multiplied by the head developed by the pump. The power or work per unit time required is the water horsepower(WHP):
WHP=QHw
Q=pump discharge H=total head w=specific weight
The total power required to drive a pump is the brake horsepower(BHP), The ratio of the water horsepower to the brake horsepower to the brake horsepower is the pump efficiency, η
Η=(WHP/BHP)*100
For a given pump, the total head developed, the power required to drive it and the reulting efficiency vary with discharge. These interrelations of head, power,efficiency the capacity are commonly known as the characteristics of the pump. They are best shown graphically, as pump characteristic curves.
The curve η-Q shows the relation between efficiency the capacity and is called simply the efficiency curve. The efficiency curve usually exhibits a maximum or peak efficiency.
环境评价与规划* Environmental Assessment and Planing
Several years ago, the EIAA(Environmental Impact Assessment Act) came in to practice in China. According to this act, every newly built project should be studied in its impact on the sorrounding environment. If the study shows that the project will probably give harm impact, it will not be permitted to launch.
When studying the impact on the environment, we usually use several math models to stimulate the possible situation. The most widely used model in evaluating the water environment is the SP model. (Picture)
这里补充SP模型的例子
环境工程微生物学* Microbiology for Environmental Engineering/
Mikrobiologie fuer Umwelttechnik
Effective environmental control in biological waste treatment is based on an understanding of the basic principles governing the growth of microorganisms.
The general growth pattern of bacteria in a batch culture is shown in the figure. Initially, a small number of organisms are inoculated into a fixed volume of culture medium, and the number of viable organisms is recorded as a function of time. The growth pattern based on the number of cells has four distinct phases.
The lag phase. It represents the time required for the organisms to acclimate to their new environment and begin to divide.
The log-growth phase. During this period the cells divide at a rate determined by their generation time and their ability to process food.
The stationary phase. Here the population remains stationary. Reasons advanced for thisphenomenn are (a) that the cells have exhausted the substrate or nutrients necessary for growth, and (b) that the growth of new cells is offset by the death of old cells.
The log-death phase. During this phase, the bacteria death rate exceeds the production of new cells.
It is important to note that the preceding discussions concerned a single population of microoragnisms. Most biological treatment processes are comprised of complex, interrelated, mixed biological populations, with each particular microorgnism in the system having its own growth curve. The position and shap of a particular growth curve in the system, on a time scale, depend on the food and nutrints available and on environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and whether the system is aerobic or anaerobic. The variation of microorganism predominance with time in the aerobic stabilization of liquid organic waste is given in Fig…
Sarcodina
Phytoflagellates [,faitәu’flǽdgileit, -lit] 植物鞭毛虫,鞭毛藻
Zoo flagellates 鞭毛虫, 鞭毛藻
Free-swimming ciliates 自游纤毛虫
Suctoria 吸盘虫
Stalked ciliates 杆状纤毛虫
Rotifers 轮虫 |
|
IP卡
狗仔卡
发表于 2004-9-24 15:32:04
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
显身卡
我也是那天审的，不过是最后一个