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发表于 2005-6-3 17:43:45
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国际结算
[PHP]
国际结算(International Settlement/International Clearing)
第一章、国际结算概述(Outline)
一、什么叫国际结算?
两个不同国家的当事人,不论是个人间的、单位间的、企业间的、或者政府间的当事人因为商品买卖、服务供应、资金调拨、国际借贷,需要通过银行办理的两国间货币收付业务叫做国际结算。
The international settlement is international payment activities made by banks on behalf of their customers which belongs to at least two different countries. Such activities may be goods buy and sell, service supply, transfer of money, international borrowing and etc.. And the customers may be any individuals, organizations, corporations and even goverment departments.
国际贸易是建立在商品交易、钱货两清的基础上的结算,又称为“有形贸易结算”,而国际贸易以外的其他经济活动,以及政治、文化等交流活动,如服务供应、资金调拨、国际借贷等引起的货币收付,称之为“非贸易结算”,也叫“无形贸易结算”。
The payments caused by international trade, which is based on exchange of commodity and both clear of money and goods, was called visible trade settlement, but payments caused by other economic activities such as policital activity, culture exchange, service supply, transfer of financial resources and internation borrowing, was called nontrade settlement or invisible trade settlement.
二、国际结算的方式(method of payment)
汇款、托收和信用证三大类。
Remittance, collection and letter of credit are the major methods of international settlement.
更具体的付款方式有很多种,但他们都基于最基本的这三种方式。比如:
There are many payment methods in real life, but they all based on these three methods. For example:
交单付款(cash against documents)、
记账(Open account)、
跟单托收(documentary collection),
跟单信用证(documentary letter of credit)、
对开信用证(back to back letter of credit, counter credit)、
出口信贷(export finance, export credit)、
买方信贷(buyer's credit)、
预付定金(advance money on a contract, down-payment)信用证、
延期付款信用证(deferred payment credit, deferred payment of letter of credit)、
投标保函(bid bond)、
履约保函(letter of guarantee for execution of contract)、
退还预付金保函(???)、
即期付款(payment at sight)信用证、
备用信用证(stand-by letter of credit, stand-by credit (LC), stand letterof credit)、
承兑交单(documents against acceptance (DA))。
三、国际结算的付款时间
预先付款(Payment in Advance),装运时付款(Payment at Time of Shipment),装运后付款(Payment after Shipment),
四、国际结算使用的货币
使用可兑换货币(convertible currency),可以使进口国货币(Importing Country Currency)、出口国货币(Exporting Country Currency)或者第三方通用货币(Third Countries Currency)。
五、国际结算的电子化网络化
环球银行间金融电讯协会(SWIFT, Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommu-nication )
电子数据交换(EDI, electronic data interchange)信用证、单据
第二章、国际结算中的票据
汇票是由一人开致另一人的书面的无条件命令,即发出命令的人签名,要求接受命令的人,立即或定期或在可以确定的将来时间,把一定金额的货币,支付给一个特定的人、或他的指定之人、或来人。
A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whome is is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in mney to or to the order of a specified person or bearer.
出票人:drawer
付款人:drawee
收款人:payee
背书人:indorser
被背书人:indorsee
参加承兑人:acceptor for honour
保证人:guarantor
持票人:holder
付过对价持票人:holder for value
正当持票人:holder in due course
出票:issue
交付:delivery
背书:indorsement
提示:presentment
承兑:acceptance
付款:payment
退票:dishonour
退票通知:notice of dishonour
拒绝证书:protest
追索权:right of recourse
参加承兑:acceptance for honour
参加付款:payment for honour
保证:guarantee or aval
第三章、汇款方式
国际汇兑是指通过银行把一个国家的货币兑换为另一个国家的货币并借助于各种信用工具如汇票等将货币资金转移到另一个国家,以清偿国际间由于贸易或非贸易往来所产生的债权债务关系的专门性经营活动。
International Exchange is a specialized business activity, which exhange one country's currency to another country's currency via bank, to transfer financal resource to another country in virtue of credit tools like draft for remittance. The purpose of international exchange is to discharge the credit relationship and debt relationship orginated from international trade settlement and nontrade settlement.
顺汇法(Remittance),汇款结算就是。
逆汇法(Reverse Remittance),托收和信用证结算就是。
区别在于资金与结算工具的方向是否相同。The difference is whether the direction of money and settlement tool is same.
汇款方式当事人:
汇款人:Remitter
收款人或受益人:Payeeor Beneficiary
汇出行:Remitting Bank 汇出汇款:Outward Remittance
汇入行,解付行:Paying Bank 汇入汇款:Inward Remittance
汇款方式在国际贸易中的应用:
预付货款:Payment in advance
货到付款:Payment after arrival of goods
第四章、托收方式
托收方式是由卖方开立汇票,委托出口地银行通过其在国外的分行或代理行,向买方收取货款或劳务费用的一种结算方式.
Collection means the exporter draw a bill of exchange, entrust the exporter's bank to collect the payment for goods or charges for services from the importer via the exporter's bank's oversea branchs or agent banks.
托收当事人:
出票人/委托人: Drawer/Consignor/Principal
托收行/寄单行/出口方银行:Remitting Bank,Exporter's Bank
代收行/进口方银行: Colleting Bank/Importer's Bank
付款人: Drawee
托收种类:
光票托收: Clean Bill for Collection
跟单托收: Documentary Bill for Collection
第五章、信用证方式
信用证当事人(the parties of LC):
开证申请人:Applicant for LC
开证行:Issuing bank
受益人:beneficiary
通知行:advising bank
保兑行:confirming bank
付款行:paying bank
承兑行:accepting bank
议付行:negotiating bank
偿付行:reimbursing bank
信用证分类:
普通信用证 general letter of credit
可撤销信用证 revocable credit
不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit
保兑的不可撤销信用证 confirmed irrevocable credit
即期付款信用证 immediated payment credit
延期付款信用证 deferred payment credit
承兑信用证 acceptance letter of credit; acceptance credit
议付信用证 negotiable letter of credit; negotiation credit
特殊信用证 special letter of credit
红条款信用证 anticipatory credit/ red clause credit
可转让信用证 transferable credit
背对背信用证 back to back credit
循环信用证 revolving credit
与国际贷款的结合 the combination with international lending
对开信用证 reciprocal credit/counter credit
第六章、银行保函
第七章、国际结算单据及其审核
第八章、寄单索汇和开证行偿付
第九章、国际贸易结算中的几个问题
出口押汇:bill purchased, outward documentary bills
贴现:discount
打包放款:Packing credit
贸易条件(terms of trade)
EXW组(离开卖方条件)
EXW: Ex Works 工厂交货
F组(装运合同,卖方不付主要运费条件)
FCA: Free Carrier 交至承运人
FAS: Free Alongside Ship 船边交货
FOB: Free On Board 装运港船上交货
C组(装运合同,卖方已付主要运费条件)
CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加运费
CIF: Cost Insurance & Freight 成本加运费,保费
CPT: Carriage paid to 运费付至
CIP: Carriage and Insurance/ 运保费付至
D组(到达合同,货物到达买方条件)
DAF: Delivered at Frontier 边境交货
DES: Delivered Ex Ship 目的港船上交货
DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay (D. paid) 目的港码头交货(关税已付)
DDU: Delivered Duty paid 已付关税交货
DDP: Delivered Duty Unpaid 不付关税交货
第十章、非贸易结算
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术语:
旅行信用证:Traveller's Letter of Credit
侨汇:Overseas Chinese Remittance
旅行支票:Traveller's Cheque
国际贸易条件解释规则:International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms:Incomterms
权利单据:Document of Title
过户转让:Assignment
提单:B/L
仓单:Warehouse Receipt
栈单:Dock Warrants
准流通证券:Qasi-negotiable Instrument
半流通证券:Semi-negotiable Instrument
流通转让:Negotiation
大额定期存单:Certificate of Deposit
不记名债券:Bearer Securities
完全可流通证券:Negtiable Instrument
国际货币基金组织:International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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